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INDUSTRIES
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INTRODUCTION
INDUSTRIALLY KOLABA DISTRICT WAS BACKWARD AS FAR BACK AS 1914 when there were a few rice mills, three units of the Tatas generating electricity and one establishment manufacturing ayurvedic medicines. The increase in demand for rice during the days of the First World War and abundant supply of paddy and cheap power were the most important factors which helped to increase the number of rice mills and other factories in the post-war years. A cutlery workshop was opened at Pen in 1930. The paper and paper products manufacturing industry was started at Pen in the early forties. In the post-war period (1945) a unit manufacturing grinding wheels was established at Uran. In 1959 there were about 125 rice mills, four electricity generation power houses, one factory manufacturing chemicals, one ayurvedic pharmacy and one printing press in the district.
Among the cottage industries salt manufacturing, fishing, leather works, carpentry are important, and they employ more than 4,500 persons. The following tables show the number of persons employed in different industries in the district:―
TABLE No. 1
NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN
1911, 1921, AND 1931 IN KOLABA DISTRICT.
Serial No. |
Name of the Industry |
1911 |
1921 |
1931 |
|
1 |
Fishing and Hunting |
6,289 |
4,259 |
6,018 |
|
2 |
Exploitation of Minerals |
1,311 |
354 |
688 |
|
3 |
Rock Sea and marsh salt |
-- |
354 |
-- | |
4 |
Preparation and supply of material substances. |
25,986 |
35,020 |
18,484 |
|
5 |
Industry |
13,626 |
12,804 |
9,346 |
|
6 |
Textiles |
1,032 |
944 |
542 |
|
7 |
Cotton ginning, cleaning and pressing |
16 |
21 |
19 |
|
8 |
Cotton spinning |
-- |
496 |
-- |
|
9 |
Cotton sizing and weaving |
677 |
159 |
163 |
|
10 |
Rope twine and string making |
-- |
116 |
-- |
|
11 |
Wool
carding and spinning |
173 |
53 |
98 |
|
12 |
Silk spinning and weaving |
4 |
23 |
54 |
|
13 |
Dyeing, bleaching, printing, preparing and sponging textiles |
-- |
-- |
37 |
|
14 |
Lace,
crape, embroideries, etc |
-- |
1 |
-- |
|
15 |
Hides, skins and hard materials from animal kingdom |
29 |
295 |
-- |
TABLE No. 1.—contd.
NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN
1911, 1921 AND 1931 IN KOLABA DISTRICT.
|
Serial No. |
Name of the Industry |
1911 |
1921 |
1931 |
16 |
Wood |
2,440 |
2,497 |
2,090 |
17 |
Sawyers |
-- |
98 |
31 |
18 |
Carpenters, turners and joiners |
1,599 |
1,642 |
1,507 |
19 |
Basket makers, other industries of wood material and builders working with bamboo, reed or similar material |
841 |
757 |
552 |
20 |
Other workers in iron and makers of implements and tools of iron |
452 |
727 |
-- |
21 |
Metals, other makers of iron and makers of implements and tools of iron. |
-- |
412 |
595 |
22 |
Workers in brass, copper, etc. |
269 |
270 |
113 |
23 |
Ceramics |
1,538 |
1,584 |
1,046 |
24 |
Chemical products |
378 |
294 |
64 |
25 |
Manufacture of matches and explosive materials |
3 |
-- |
-- |
26 |
Manufacture and refining of vegetable oils |
-- |
280 |
48 |
27 |
Rice pounders, huskers and flour grinders |
2,192 |
1,082 |
72 |
28 |
Grain parchers |
57 |
31 |
20 |
29 |
Manufacturers of tobacco, opium and ganja |
190 |
75 |
94 |
30 |
Shoe, boot and sandal makers |
717 |
485 |
483 |
31 |
Furniture industries |
73 |
-- |
29 |
32 |
Building industries |
538 |
3,491 |
736 |
33 |
Construction of the means of transport |
6 |
1 |
19 |
34 |
Miscellaneous and undefined industries |
-- |
1,389 |
1,413 |
35 |
Bookbinders and stitchers |
-- |
2 |
-- |
36 |
Workers in precious stones, metals, jewels, etc |
1,253 |
1,166 |
1,174 |
37 |
Transport |
-- |
5,734 |
-- |
38 |
Transport by water |
2,596 |
2,530 |
1,111 |
39 |
Transport by road |
1,863 |
2,345 |
586 |
40 |
Transport by rail |
609 |
667 |
799 |
41 |
Post office, telegraph and telephone service |
249 |
714 |
298 |
TABLE No. 2
EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES IN KOLABA DISTRICT (1951)
|
Occupation |
Total |
Employers |
Employees |
Independent Workers |
|
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
I. All Industries and Services |
59,368 |
10,575 |
3,919 |
387 |
28,166 |
2,445 |
27,283 |
7,743 |
Primary industries not elsewhere specified |
9,506 |
1,726 |
892 |
59 |
2,281 |
216 |
6,333 |
1,451 |
Stock-raising |
486 |
30 |
154 |
6 |
147 |
5 |
185 |
19 |
Rearing of small animals and insects |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1 |
Plantation industries |
30 |
4 |
2 |
-- |
10 |
-- |
18 |
4 |
Forestry and collection of products not elsewhere specified. |
2,182 |
340 |
39 |
7 |
608 |
69 |
1,535 |
264 |
Hunting (including trapping and game propagation).. |
7 |
6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
7 |
6 |
Fishing |
6,801 |
1,345 |
697 |
46 |
1,516 |
142 |
4,588 |
1,157 |
II. Mining and quarrying |
1,968 |
92 |
68 |
5 |
1,488 |
28 |
419 |
64 |
Stone-quarrying, clay and sand pits |
491 |
77 |
36 |
5 |
64 |
8 |
391 |
64 |
Salt, salt-petre and other saline substances |
1,477 |
15 |
32 |
-- |
1,417 |
15 |
28 |
-- |
III. Processing and manufacture of Foodstuffs, Textiles, |
3,177 |
441 |
271 |
22 |
1,179 |
138 |
1,727 |
281 |
Leather and products thereof. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Food industries otherwise unclassified |
131 |
11 |
23 |
-- |
18 |
4 |
90 |
7 |
Grains and pulses |
457 |
87 |
74 |
4 |
327 |
29 |
26 |
54 |
Vegetable oil and dairy products |
163 |
14 |
4 |
1 |
110 |
2 |
49 |
12 |
Sugar industries |
6 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
3 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
Beverages |
79 |
2 |
16 |
-- |
43 |
1 |
20 |
1 |
Tobacco |
326 |
92 |
14 |
2 |
103 |
37 |
209 |
53 |
Cotton textiles |
554 |
81 |
23 |
5 |
342 |
54 |
189 |
22 |
Wearing apparel (except footwear) and made-up textile goods. |
789 |
89 |
65 |
9 |
123 |
1 |
601 |
79 |
Textile industries otherwise unclassified |
140 |
57 |
5 |
1 |
30 |
11 |
99 |
45 |
Leather, leather products and footwear |
532 |
8 |
46 |
-- |
74 |
-- |
412 |
8 |
TABLE No. 2—contd.
EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN
INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES IN KOLABA DISTRICT (1951)-contd.
|
Occupation |
Total |
Employers |
Employees |
Independent Workers |
|
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
IV. Processing and manufacture of metals, chemicals and products thereof. |
1,662 |
64 |
45 |
8 |
843 |
24 |
774 |
32 |
Manufacture of metal products otherwise unclassified.. |
797 |
40 |
28 |
6 |
109 |
5 |
660 |
29 |
Iron and steel (Basic manufacture) |
15 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
11 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
Transport equipment |
109 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
49 |
3 |
56 |
1 |
V. Processing and manufacture not elsewhere specified |
3,349 |
494 |
151 |
13 |
655 |
95 |
2,543 |
386 |
Manufacturing industries otherwise unclassified |
627 |
59 |
44 |
-- |
73 |
33 |
510 |
26 |
Bricks, tiles and other structural clay products |
350 |
27 |
24 |
1 |
254 |
12 |
72 |
13 |
Cement, cement pipes and cement products |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Non-metallic mineral products |
253 |
144 |
17 |
2 |
18 |
2 |
218 |
140 |
Rubber products manufacture |
4 |
2 |
-- |
1 |
4 |
1 |
-- |
-- |
Wood and wood products other than furniture and fixtures. |
1,971 |
238 |
57 |
9 |
100 |
35 |
1,724 |
195 |
Furniture and fixtures manufacture |
10 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
3 |
-- |
6 |
-- |
Paper and paper products manufacture |
42 |
47 |
-- |
-- |
40 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
Printing and allied industries |
91 |
17 |
8 |
-- |
72 |
5 |
11 |
12 |
VI. Construction and utilities |
2,222 |
78 |
50 |
1 |
1,291 |
44 |
881 |
33 |
Construction and maintenance-building |
766 |
46 |
47 |
1 |
188 |
12 |
531 |
33 |
Construction and maintenance-bridges, roads and
other transport works. |
394 |
6 |
2 |
-- |
46 |
6 |
346 |
-- |
continued..
Construction and maintenance operations-irrigation and other agricultural works. |
6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Works and services-electric power and gas supply |
997 |
4 |
-- |
-- |
993 |
4 |
4 |
-- |
Works and services-domestic and industrial water-supply |
7 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Sanitary works and services including scavengers |
53 |
22 |
-- |
-- |
53 |
22 |
-- |
-- |
Transport and communications |
4,385 |
128 |
280 |
13 |
3,085 |
85 |
1,020 |
30 |
Transport by road |
1,599 |
33 |
124 |
3 |
875 |
10 |
600 |
20 |
Transport by water |
1,885 |
66 |
156 |
10 |
1,310 |
47 |
419 |
9 |
Transport by air.. |
-- |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1 |
Railway transport |
639 |
22 |
-- |
-- |
639 |
22 |
-- |
-- |
Storage and warehousing |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Postal services |
237 |
6 |
-- |
-- |
237 |
6 |
-- |
-- |
Telegraph services |
5 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Telephone services |
18 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
18 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Wireless services |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Health, education and public administration |
6,333 |
637 |
46 |
3 |
6,163 |
577 |
124 |
57 |
Medical and other health services |
390 |
108 |
45 |
2 |
239 |
79 |
106 |
27 |
Educational services and research |
1,658 |
317 |
1 |
1 |
1,639 |
286 |
18 |
30 |
Police (other than village watchmen) |
657 |
25 |
-- |
-- |
657 |
25 |
-- |
-- |
Village officers and servants including village watchmen |
226 |
9 |
-- |
-- |
226 |
9 |
-- |
-- |
Employees of municipalities and local bodies |
539 |
45 |
-- |
-- |
539 |
45 |
-- |
-- |
Employees of State Government |
2,656 |
54 |
-- |
-- |
2 656 |
54 |
-- |
-- |
Employees of Union Government |
207 |
79 |
-- |
-- |
207 |
79 |
-- |
-- |
Services not elsewhere specified |
18,390 |
5,523 |
497 |
199 |
9,290 |
1,162 |
8,602 |
4,162 |
Services otherwise unclassified |
8,481 |
3,865 |
60 |
137 |
2,470 |
468 |
5,951 |
3,260 |
Domestic services |
5,621 |
1,452 |
17 |
33 |
5,278 |
652 |
326 |
767 |
Barbers and beauty shops |
1,002 |
20 |
39 |
1 |
192 |
1 |
771 |
8 |
Laundries and laundry services |
177 |
25 |
22 |
-- |
28 |
-- |
127 |
25 |
Hotels, restaurant and eating-houses |
1,853 |
91 |
301 |
27 |
784 |
23 |
768 |
41 |
Recreation services |
244 |
28 |
20 |
1 |
152 |
12 |
72 |
15 |
Legal and business services |
352 |
2 |
26 |
-- |
227 |
1 |
99 |
1 |
Arts, letters and journalism |
66 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
-- |
14 |
-- |
Religious, charitable and welfare services |
644 |
40 |
12 |
-- |
157 |
5 |
475 |
35 |
These tables are taken from the Census Reports of 1911, 1921, 1931 and 1951. The employment table for 1951 has been shown separately as the group headings adopted in this census are different from those adopted in the censuses of earlier years. Moreover, the tables for 1911, 1921 and 1931 give only the actual number of workers employed in an industry, while those of 1951 divide the employment into three categories, viz., employers, employees and independent workers. The 1951 table includes figures of employment from the amalgamated talukas of Mhasla, Murud and Sudhagad which were merged in this district in 1949. These talukas previously formed parts of the former princely states of Janjira and Bhor.
These tables reveal that fishing, wood, carpentry, ceramics, rice-pounding and transport are the major industries of the district which employ more than 60 per cent of the total number of persons employed in industries. There was a general fall in employment in 1931 in all industries except fishing, which may be due to the operation of the Great Depression. But surprisingly the employment in fishing during 1921 and 1931 went up by 40 per cent. The employment during the same period in cotton textiles fell from 1,032 to 542. A similar fall in employment has been noticed in copper and brass utensils industry due to the increase in demand of machine-made utensils of brass and copper. The total employment in industries and services in 1951 was 69,943. Primary industries such as stock-raising, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, processing and manufacture of food-stuffs, textiles, leather products, metals and chemicals, etc., employed 31 per cent of the total employment in the industrial sector.
The Chapter is divided into three sections dealing with (1) large and small industries, (2) cottage industries and (3) labour organisation. In the first section are described large and small industries registered under the Factories Act. It gives the pattern of investment, employment and details about consumption of raw materials and production industrywise. The second section deals with the general description of major cottage industries and the third section traces the history of trade union organisation in the district.
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