In 1961 there were 25 large-scale registered factories in the district, which employed 5.0 or more workers and used power. Of these, five were oil mills, two located at Nandgaon and one each at Malegaon, Lasalgaon and Taharabad. These factories provided employment to more than 330 workers. Of' the five oil mills, two undertook cotton ginning besides extraction of oil. The Ravalgaon Sugar Farm Ltd. was established at Ravalgaon in 1933. It has a crushing capacity of 1,200 tons of sugarcane per day and it provides employment to more than 900 workers daily. It has its own confectionary unit, the products of which are well-known. It is also engaged in the manufacture of machinery required by the sugar mills. The Girna Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd., established at Dabhadi in Malegaon taluka in 1958-59, is a sugar factory run on co-operative basis. With a crushing capacity of 1,000-1,250 tons of sugarcane per day it provides employment to more than 550 workers daily. One more sugar factory on co-operative basis has been recently established at Niphad. There are three large-scale cotton ginning and pressing units in the district. All of them are located at Malegaon. They provide employment to about 300 workers. Of the printing presses, the three Government presses, viz., the Government of India Press, the India Security Press and the New Currency Note press, are located at Nasik Road and they together employed 5,800 workers. The Amrit Mudranalaya and the Gaonkari Printing Press, both located at Nasik, are privately-owned printing presses and they provide employment to 76 and 138 workers respectively. The two bone mills at Manmad together employed 109 workers. The Shri Krishi Sadhan Ltd. at Nasik is engaged in the manufacture of spray pumps for spraying D.D.T. etc.

Besides these major industrial units there are many small-scale industrial units spread over the district. All these with those described above have been grouped together for the purposes of detailed analysis that follows.

Sugar manufacturing: The following details about the sugar industry are based upon the survey of three sugar manufacturing units in the district. Of these three, one was established as early as 1933 and the other two were established in 1959 and 1961 respectively. They are seasonal factories and they worked for about 140 days in a year during the season. Sugarcane is available generally from November to March.

The productive capital of the two from these three units was about Rs. 75 lakhs in aggregate and was composed of land .and buildings, plant and machinery and furniture, fittings and fixtures. The aggregate working capital of these two units was about Rs. 60 lakhs. All the three units provided employment to about 2,800 workers daily.

Only one unit reported its annual expenditure on power and fuel and that was placed at about Rs. five lakhs. Of the two units that supplied information one consumed raw materials valued at Rs. seven lakhs approximately including an expenditure of about Rs. five lakhs on the purchase of sugarcane. The expenditure on the same item in respect of the other unit was about Rs. 63 lakhs including an approximate expenditure of Rs. 50 lakhs incurred on the purchase of sugarcane.

One unit manufactured, during 1963-64, 1,42,142 bags of sugar valued at Rs. 1,61,06,254; 13,823 bags of crystal sugar valued at Rs. 20,48,763; 2,061 metric tonnes of other variety of sugar valued at Rs. 62,10,548 and 9,741 metric tonnes of wax valued at Rs. 50,714.  All the sugar is mostly consumed in the country.

The quantity of sugar produced in these factories during 1961-62, 1962-63 and 1963-64 is given below:

­

Year	Quantity in '000 tons
1961-62	3,12,434
1962-63	3,93,876
1963-64	2,43,070

Gur manufacturing: The sugar factories do not consume all the sugarcane that is grown in the district. A substantial quantity of sugarcane is utilized for manufacturing gur. It is an important subsidiary industry to agriculture. Most of the gur produced in the district is consumed locally. Gur is also imported from other districts of the State.

The following account of - the gur manufacturing industry is based upon the survey conducted of a few gur manufacturing units registered under the Factories Act :­-

Gur manufacturing is a seasonal occupation. The units work for about 50 to 70 days in a year during the months from January to March. The average capital investment in the units surveyed was about Rs. 30,000 mainly invested in crusher, engine and other miscellaneous items.

Each unit provided employment to about 15 to 20 workers besides a manager or a clerk. It spent about Rs. 3,000 on payment of wages and salaries. The average annual expenditure of a unit on fuel which was composed of crude oil, mobile oil, kerosene and bagasse was about Rs. 1,800.

The sugarcane juice, obtained after crushing sugarcane by crushers, is boiled in a large open pan and after cooling, it is poured into a pit where it is solidified. These cakes are then filled in bucket-type moulds to get the necessary shape. They are then sent to market for sale.

A considerable quantity of sugarcane in the district is diverted to the manufacture of gur.

Bidi-making: Of the total workers in the registered factories, as many as 34.22 per cent are engaged in bidi-making industry. The industry mostly thrives in Nasik and Sinnar talukas of the district. There are many women-workers employed in the industry as the work of making bidis from the dried leaves and tobacco does not involve any mechanical process and bidi-making is done by hand. The following account of the industry is based upon a survey of a few bid; manufacturing units conducted in the district:-­

Bidi manufacturing is a perennial industry working for "about 300 days in a year. The highest capital invested by a unit was about Rs. 4 lakhs while the lowest was Rs. 30,000. On an average, it was found that a unit has a capital investment of about a lakh of rupees. The highest number of workers employed in a factory was 600 as against 47 that was the lowest. The average employment per unit came to 180 persons. Besides workers, there were on an average 8 persons other than workers. Every unit disbursed annually about Rs. 1,11,000 towards wages of the workers and about Rs. 7,000 by way of salaries to those other than the actual bidi workers.

These factories consumed charcoal or wood for drying leaves. Each unit on an average consumed charcoal and other fuel valued at Rs. 1,500 in a year. A unit on an average spent Rs. 88,000 annually on raw materials which consisted of leaves, tobacco, and other minor articles. Tobacco was mainly obtained from Nipani, Jaysingpur, Sangli and Bombay and at times from Madhya Pradesh. Leaves were generally locally obtained.

The unit on an average manufactured bidis worth Rs. 3,60,000. Bidis manufactured by some units were popular in Mysore State while some others were popular in Gujarat State. In the case of a few other factories, bidis found market in the district.

The main difficulties encountered by the industry are the shortage of tobacco, high cost of tobacco as also the high incidence of excise duty on tobacco required for bidis as compared to that involved in the manufacture of cigarettes.

Soap manufacturing: Soap manufacturing is an old industry at Nasik and is in existence since long. However, recently it has developed considerably.

Locally manufactured soap is consumed in the district to a great extent and is also exported to the neighbouring districts. This is besides the consumption of soap manufactured by big factories like Liver Brothers, Swastik, etc. However, locally manufactured soap is not up to the mark and cannot stand' in competition with the soap manufactured by the standard companies. But it has one advantage and that is its cheapness. It is this factor that has given the industry the impetus inspite of the inferior quality of its products. ­

The following statement shows the quantity of soap manufactured by the factories in the district during the years 1961-62 to 1963-64 :-.

Year	Quantity of soap in tons.
1961-62	1,321
1962-63	1,390
1963-64	1,330

The following account of the soap manufacturing industry in the district is based upon a survey of soap manufacturing units conducted in Nasik district:-  ­

Most of the soap manufacturing units are located in Nasik city. It is a perennial industry working practically throughout the year for about 300 days.

The average capital invested by a unit came to about Rs. 6,000. It was composed of land and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fittings. Every unit required working capital of about Rs. 40,000 throughout the year.

A unit provided employment to about eight workers and two persons other than workers for doing clerical and managerial jobs. They were paid Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 6,000 respectively as wages and salaries in a year.

A unit on an average spent annually about Rs. 9550 per year on fuel which mainly was composed of charcoal and wood.

The raw materials consumed mostly included edible and non-edible oil-seeds. The industry also consumed other ingredients required for soap-making such as caustic soda, paraffin, coconut oil etc. The unit on an average consumed these raw materials valued at about Rs. 80,000 in a year. The raw materials were partly imported from Bombay and partly purchased locally.

The average annual production of a unit was placed at about 300 tons. However, a few units were producing more than 4,000 tons of soap in a year. The products were mostly consumed in the district. However they found market in Marathwada region of the State and particularly in Aurangabad district. They were also exported to Jalgaon and Ahmadnagar districts.  

The shortage of raw materials and prohibitive cost of some of the ingredients such as cocoanut oil and caustic soda are the main difficulties encountered by the industry.

Oil Mills: The district of Nasik with fine culturable land is bound to predominate with agriculture-oriented industries such as sugar mills, oil mills, etc. It is no wonder. then that quite a few Oil mills have cropped up in the district. During the year 1963, the registered factories in this category provided employment to 505 persons which was 2.48 per cent of the employment of the registered factories under all categories. The following account of oil mills in the district is based upon a survey of oil mills in the district conducted by this department:-

The industry is a seasonal one and works for about 100 days in a year when the raw materials such as groundnut, cotton seed, etc., are available generally from November to February. The average capital invested by a unit was around Rs. 40,000 composed of land and buildings, plants and machinery, and furniture and fixtures. In the case of three reporting units the capital was Rs. one lakh in the case of one unit and Rs. two lakhs each, in -the case of the two other units. Almost all the units were located in their owned premises with only two occupying rented premises.

Each unit provided employment to about 20 persons. However there were a few units in case of which employment amounted to 40 to 50 persons for each unit. One unit provided employment to as many as 100 persons including skilled and unskilled workers and those besides workers. The average worker was paid about Rs. 2 to Rs. 5 per day.

Most of these units consumed crude oil and coal as fuel. Only a unit or two worked on electricity. The average consumption of fuel worked out to Rs. 18,000 per year.

The main raw materials required were groundnut and cotton seed and on an average a unit consumed raw materials valued at Rs. 5 lakhs per year.

The products of the units included groundnut oil and cake, cotton seed oil and cake etc. Besides local consumption, oil manufactured by these units was exported to nearby districts such as Akola, Jalgaon. Dhulia and also to Bombay. Three of these units have received financial assistance from Government to the extent of Rs. 10,000, Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 70,000 respectively by way of loans.

The main difficulties encountered by these units were shortage of raw materials, crude oil, mobil oil, shortage of spare parts required for repairing machinery and lack of adequate credit facilities.

Rice and Dal Mills: Rice milling is an old occupation in the district and the importance of the industry can be gauged from the fact that rice is grown in the district mostly in the western zone and to a small extent in the central zone. During 1963-64 the outturn of rice in the district was 33,500 tons. The following information about rice mills in the district is based upon a survey of four, units Conducted in the district:-

Of the four units surveyed three were engaged in dehusking of rice and manufacture of pohas and other preparations and one unit was engaged in the manufacture of dal of different varieties such as tur dal, mug dal, chana dal, etc. The units that undertook dehusking of rice also undertook dehusking of nagli. These four units were established in 1930, 1938, 1947 and 1950 respectively.

Three of these were seasonal while the fourth one was perennial. Of the seasonal units two worked for about 240 days from October to July. The third worked for two months during November and December.

The average fixed capital investment of a unit was about Rs. 80,000 invested in land and buildings, plant and machinery and furniture and fixtures. The plant and machinery required by these units included poha machine, rice plant, oil engine etc.

Every unit provided employment to about ten workers and four persons other than workers, for clerical and managerial jobs. Of the workers two were skilled or semi-skilled. A unit on an average paid about Rs. 8 to Rs. 10 per day towards the wages and salaries.

One of these units worked on electricity while the remaining three worked on oil engines. The unit that worked on electricity consumed power worth Rs. 3,000 in a year. The remaining three consumed crude oil, mobile oil, etc., to the tune of Rs. 4,000 per year.

All the three rice mills undertook dehusking of rice on contract basis. The dal mill consumed raw materials worth Rs. 50,000 per annum. Their products were mainly locally consumed.

With the introduction of monopoly procurement programme for paddy and of curbs on dehusking rice, the rice mills are required to obtain licences from the proper authority and have to report their turnover etc. to that authority from time to time. This has created difficulty in procuring adequate supply of rice. The dal mills also face similar difficulties in regard to the supply of raw materials.

Cotton Ginning and Pressing: The black fertile soil of Malegaon and Baglan talukas is most suitable for the cultivation of cotton and obviously cotton is grown to a considerable extent in these two talukas. The textile industry has therefore flourished at Malegaon. It has also given impetus to the development of cotton ginning and pressing factories in the district. The following account of the cotton ginning and pressing factories in the district is based upon a small survey of nine units conducted in the district:-­

Of the nine units that provided information one was established as early as 1925. The latest to be established were two in 1963. It was a seasonal industry. Only one of these units was working for about 240 days from October to June. Two worked for 180 days from October to April. The remaining units worked for about 100 to 120 days from November to February.

The average fixed capital investment of a ginning and pressing factory came to Rs. 1,20,000. The fixed capital was composed of land and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fixtures. Of the investment in fixed capital, about half is blacked in plants and machinery.

A unit on an average provided employment to about 90 workers and to about five persons either than workers far doing clerical and managerial jobs. The latter were engaged throughout the year while the employment of workers was seasonal. The average payment made to workers as wages came to Rs. 20,500. The average salaries paid to the staff other than workers came to Rs. 3,100 Per annum. The worker also obtained annual bonus depending upon the profits of the unit.

The fuel required by these units was composed of crude oil, mobile oil, gin oil, wood and coal. The average expenditure of a unit towards the same came to Rs. 15,000. All the units worked on contract basis and ginned cotton brought to them for ginning. The ginned and pressed cotton is mainly exported to Bombay as also to Nagpur and Dhulia besides being locally consumed mainly at Malegaon.

The main difficulties encountered by these units were shortage of cement required for construction activity as also of raw materials and coal.

Power-loom Industry: Power-loom industry is an important industry in the district. 24,023 workers were engaged in cotton weaving in power-looms as per 1961 census. Malegaon. Yeola and Sinnar are the important centres of power-loom industry in the district. Though power-looms are functioning side by side with the hand-looms at many of the places in the district and specially at Malegaon which is the nucleus of power-loom industry the hand-loom industry has been superseded by power loom industry during the last decade or so. With the establishment of power-looms the important centre of the textile industry in Nasik district has shifted to Malegaon from Yeola. The estimated number of power-looms at Malegaon in 1963-64 was 14.000. However very few of the power-loom textile factories were under the Factories Act. The textile industry is rapidly expanding at Malegaon and the number of power-looms may increase still further in the near future.

The expansion of the textile industry at Malegaon can be attributed to the fact that cotton is grown in great quantities in Malegaon and Baglan talukas as the black fertile sail in these two talukas is mast suitable for cotton cultivation.

The fallowing statement shows the total cloth produced in the district from 1961-62 to 1963-64:-

Year	Cloth produced in meters
1961-62	12,31,11,000
1962-63	13,24,75,000
1963-64	14,52,10,000

The average production per person in the district during 1963-64 was 78 metres.

The following account of the power-loom industry in the district is based upon a small survey of the industry conducted in the district :-­   

The industry in the case of some units was seasonal while in the case of a few it was perennial. In the case where the units were seasonal, they worked for about 90 days from September to November. On an average each unit possessed three to four looms. However, there were a few units with more than four looms. Each loom cost about Rs. 3,000. About Rs.3,000 to 5,000 were invested in land and buildings and furniture and fixtures.

The employment provided by each unit depended upon the looms it possessed as also on the work-load. Every worker was paid on an average Rs. 5 per day. All the units consumed electricity, the volume of consumption depending upon the number of looms and the volume of turnover.

The main raw materials required by the industry were yarn of different counts and colours.

In the case of many units the product were exported to Bombay while the products of a few other units were sent to the local market. Many units did the work on a contract basis.

The main difficulties faced by the industry were shortage and irregularity of electric supply and varying licence regulations.

Electrical and Mechanical Workshops and Engineering Works: With the setting up of many industrial units in the district, a number of electrical and mechanical workshops and engineering and iron works have of late sprung up in the district. Factors governing the demand for the services, rendered by these industries generally are the increase in the level of income, urbanisation, development of transport and communications and growing industrialisation. Various such units undertook manufacturing and servicing activities on a varying scale. A few of them were engaged in manufacturing electric wires, a few others in motorbody building, repairing and manufacture of a few spare parts and a few mainly at Nasik and Malegaon concentrated upon

repairing of power-looms and manufacture of parts thereof. Almost all the units, excepting a few speciliased in the repairing and manufacturing parts required by oil mills and other seasonal industries, were perennial in character. These units worked for about 280 days in a year.

The average fixed capital of a unit was placed at about rupees one lakh, half of which is blocked in plants and machinery. Of the remaining a considerable amount is utilised towards buildings and furniture and fixtures.

A unit on an average employed 22 workers and two persons other than workers for doing clerical and managerial jobs. Workers in these units were generally skilled or semi-skilled and were getting daily wages at the rate of Rs. 6 to Rs. 8. On an average a unit disbursed annually about Rs. 21,000 towards wages and salaries of their employees. Each unit consumed fuel valued at Rs. 2,700 in a year. Most of these units were worked on electric power and a few were worked on oil -engines.

All these units provided services and supplied spare parts to the local industries situated mainly at Nasik and Malegaon.

The main difficulties encountered by these units were shortage of raw materials and skilled labour. With many import restrictions, the industry is facing a shortage of raw materials. It also suffers from lack of credit facility.

Iron and Tin Works: There were many iron and tin works in the district. They are engaged in the manufacture of iron sheets, trunks, cots, buckets, cans, drums, etc. Most of them are located in urban areas and mostly at Nasik. The following account of this industry is based upon a small survey of a few units in this industry conducted in the district:-­

All these units worked for about 280 days throughout the year. The fixed capital investment of these units is blocked up in land and buildings, plants and machinery comprising rolling machine, drilling machine, spray painting apparatus etc.

A unit on an average provided employment to about 9 workers and one person other than workers. They were paid annually about Rs. 13,000 by way of wages and salaries. The unskilled manual labourer was paid about Rs. 1.50 to Rs. 2 per day while skilled -and semi-skilled workers were paid around Rs. 6 and Rs. 4 respectively per day.

The fuel used by a unit consisted of electricity and hard coke. A unit on .an average consumed fuel worth Rs.30 to Rs.40 per month. However, a few of the units consumed fuel worth even more than Rs. 200 per month.

The main raw materials required by these units were tin sheets, iron sheets and allied goods and articles. these were mainly imported from Bombay. In the case of units, where the turnover was more, the annual consumption of raw materials was valued at even .more than one and a half lakhs of rupees. The consumption of raw materials was mainly dependent upon the workload of each unit.

A unit on an average produced goods valued at about Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 30,000. The production: in case of big units exceeded rupees two lakhs. In most of the cases the products were sold in local markets and at times exported to the nearby districts. Two of these units received financial assistance from: fire Government to the extent of Rs. 10,000 each

The main difficulties faced by the industry were shortage of raw materials such as iron and tin sheets, coal, etc. besides the chronic difficulty regarding short supply of capital and non-availability of credit facilities to the extent required. They also faced difficulties due to import restrictions and supply of necessary controlled materials.

Ayurvedic Medicine Factories: There are a few factories engaged in the preparation of ayurvedic medicines. Of these, excepting a few, all worked throughout the year.

The average investment in fixed capital of a unit was placed at Rs. 60,000 blacked in lands and buildings, plants and machinery such as tablet machine, etc. and furniture and fixtures. A unit provided employment to about 25 workers and 10 persons other than workers. About Rs. 35,000 were distributed to them by way of wages and salaries.

The main articles of fuel were coal, wood, kerosene, etc. and their yearly consumption was valued at Rs. 2,000. A unit used raw materials worth about Rs. 25,000 in a year. The raw materials mainly comprised essences of ayurvedic medicines and ayurvedic plants and herbs. These raw materials were mainly imported from Bombay and sometimes locally obtained. The average production of medicines of a unit was valued at Rs. 35,000 in a year. The medicines, besides being used in India, were also at times exported to Ceylon and Burma. Of the units engaged in the manufacture of ayurvedic medicines, only one received Government assistance to the extent of Rs. 10,000.

The main difficulties faced by the industry were shortage of raw materials, import restrictions and Government controls.

Chemical Industries: There were a few industrial units in the district engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and allied products. The following account of the industry is based upon a survey of a few of these units conducted in the district. Most of these were established between 1955 and 1965 and worked seasonally far about 250 days in a year during October to August. The average fixed capital of a unit in the farm of land and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fixtures was placed at Rs. 1,20,000. A few of these units were situated in rented premises.

A unit on an average provided employment to 25 workers and a few persons other than workers and annually distributed about Rs. 20,000 by way of wages and salaries.

Most of the units worked an electricity and ail-engines. A unit consumed fuel worth about Rs. 500 in a year. These units were mainly engaged in the manufacture of pepin, chalks, fruit juice etc. The average consumption of raw materials of a unit per year was approximately valued at Rs. 46,000 and raw materials were mainly imported from Bombay besides Baroda and a few other centres.

The products were exported throughout India, the main markets for the products being Bombay, Poona, Indore, Surat and Shrinagar. Though no product was exported to the foreign countries, there appeared to' be a definite scope for export to foreign markets.

Only one unit reported Government assistance to the extent of about rupees one lakh by way of loan. The main difficulties experienced by the industry were the same as reported by other       industries, viz., shortage of raw materials, crude oil and skilled labour.

Cement and Cement Products Industry: The demand far cement and cement products has increased considerably during the last decade or so. This rise in the demand for cement can be attributed to  the increasing tempo of constructional activity following the all-out efforts towards nation building through increased production and with the implementation of five-year plans. It is also a result of the increasing construction of houses. Nasik  which ranks seventh in the industrial development of the State barring Greater Bombay, has many offices also located in the town. This has given stimulus to the establishment of a few cement and cement products factories in the district. The following account of the industry is based upon the result of a small survey of a few units in the district:-­

One of the reporting units was established as early as 1945-46 and was engaged in the manufacture of cement tiles. Of the remaining         most were established in the early sixties.

It was a perennial industry working for about 300 days in a year. The fixed capital investment of a unit was Rs. 36,000 in the farm of land and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fixtures. The plant and machinery required far the industry was composed of hydraulic pumps, polishing machines, etc. and accounted for about fifty per cent of the total investment in fixed capital.

A unit on an average provided employment to about 15 workers and about two persons other than workers and distributed annually about Rs. 12,000 by way of wages and salaries. A worker an on average was paid between Rs. 3 and Rs. 5 per day.

These units mostly worked on electricity. The yearly consumption of electricity was valued at Rs. 800 per unit. The main raw materials required by the industry were cement, sand, colours etc. The average consumption of raw materials by a unit was about Rs. 50,000. The raw materials were mainly obtained from Bombay, Delhi, Chhota Udaipur besides being purchased from the local market. The annual production of a unit was estimated at about rupees one lakh. Their products were mainly sold in the State.

Only one unit reported financial assistance from the Government to the extent of Rs. 92,000 by way of loan. The main difficulties faced by the industry were shortage of cement and other raw materials such as colours which were mainly required to be imported from foreign countries. They were also faced with the problem of availability of skilled labour.

Confectionary: With three sugar factories and a large area under fruits and vegetables and sugarcane, the district has a good scope for manufacturing confectionary. A few such factories have come up in the district recently. The confectionary unit of the Ravalgaon Sugar farm is known throughout the country. The following account of the industry is based upon findings of a small survey of these units conducted in the district:-

Almost all these units were established during the late fifties. A unit on an average worked for about 300 days in a year. The average invest­ment in fixed capital of a unit was about Rs. 50,000 in the form of land and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fixtures.

A unit on an average provided employment to 10 workers and two persons other than workers and distributed to them annually about Rs.10,000 by way of wages and salaries. Besides electricity, a few of the units also consumed hard coke. The expenditure per annum of a unit on this item was about Rs. 1,000.

The main raw materials required for the confectionary production were wheat flour, sugar, clarified butter, essences, baking powder, ammonia, etc. These were mainly procured from Bombay besides local purchases. The average annual turnover of a confectionary unit was about Rs. 75,000 and their products were mainly exported to the district of Dhulia, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar etc.

These units received assistance from the Government by way of supply of sugar, maida (wheat flour), etc. The main difficulties encountered by the industry were shortage of sugar, wheat flour, etc. They faced difficulties in this respect because the quota given by the Government was short and they had to make purchases at a higher cost in. the open market. The rising prices of sugar especially after decontrol also posed a big problem to the industry and a major unit like the Ravalgaon Sugar Mills Ltd. was forced to enhance prices of its products.

Saw Mills:  Nasik district with a large area under forests, has a number of saw mills.  About 30 saw mills have come to be established between Nasik and Nasik Road. The following account of the industry is based upon a small survey of a few units conducted in the district: -

These units worked throughout the year for about 300 days. The average fixed capital of a unit came to Rs. 75,000 in the form of land -and buildings, plants and machinery and furniture and fixtures.

A unit on an average provided employment to about 10 workers and one person other than workers and paid them about Rs.15,000 by way of wages and salaries. The unit on an average used wood valued at Rs. 1,50,000 in a year. As the industry was a servicing industry, the products were mainly used in the district itself.

Miscellaneous Industries: Among the miscellaneous industries, the pride of place should be given to the MIG Aircraft Factory under construction at Ozar near Nasik with assistance from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is a major factory catering to the defence needs of the country and is expected to provide employment to about 15,000 workers.

Among others mention must be made of brass, copper and ornamental silverware industry at Nasik which is known for centuries. Brass and copper utensils are prepared at Nasik and Ozar. There are three concerns as per 1961 census manufacturing these types of utensils at Nasik.

Besides these, there are a number of various other industries such as paper mill, printing presses, gold thread industry etc. that provided employment to a considerable extent.

Industrial Estate: With a view to achieving the industrial develop­ment of all the districts in the State, it is the avowed policy of the Government to establish industrial estates in all the districts. The industrial estate at Nasik was established during the Third Five-Year Plan. Nasik is an ideal centre for the establishment of an industrial estate as it has all the facilities required for such a project. It gets adequate. power supply from the State Electricity Board. Besides, it has transport facilities by rail and road and an assured water-supply from Gangapur Dam. It has also other amenities like the civil and T. B. hospital, schools and colleges, an Industrial Technical Institute, etc.

The Government of Maharashtra have selected an area of   647.498 hectares (1,600 acres) just outside the municipal limits on Trimbak Road. Out of this an area of 20.244 hectares (50 acres) has been taken up for development in the first phase, in which 34 member units will participate. Their industrial classification is as under:-

­

Type	Number of unit
Engineering industries	11
Timber-based industries	5
Agricultural based industries	7
Pharmaceutical and chemical industries	2
Printing and Publications	4
Miscellaneous industries	5
Total	34

Out of the 34 units only 24 had come up by 1963-64 with definite schemes and their work was in progress. In the second phase 92 units will be set up.

The capital for initial investment will be made available as follows:-

­The Government of Maharashtra will contribute 20 per cent of the share capital of the estate, i.e., construction cost of sheds in the allotted plots, 20 per cent will be borne by a member unit and remaining 60 per cent will be advanced by the Life Insurance Corporation of India as a loan repayable in 13 equal installments. By 1963-64 the Government have sanctioned as a matching contribution towards share capital Rs. 3.25 lakhs and the Life Insurance Corporation of India has sanctioned loans of Rs. 9'76 lakhs with the interest at 8 per cent per annum.

Electricity Generation and Supply: The following account about the electricity generation and supply is reproduced from the Nasik District Census Handbook. 1961 census:-­

The number of electrified towns in the district is only 11. No village was electrified up to the end of March 1961. Taluka-wise lists of electrified places are given in the following statement:-­

The population of these electrified places is 23.28 per cent of the total population of the district.

The district consumption of electricity on different items for eight years is shown in table No.4.

The per capita consumption is naturally lower than the State      average, as only 11 towns in the district had been electrified.

The electric supply in the district is from the five private concerns and one municipal power house. Out of these six stations, the five stations of Yeola, Malegaon, Manmad, Nasik-Deolali and Sinnar are running on diesel oil while the Electric Supply Co. at Igatpuri gets its bulk supply from the Chola Power Station of the Central Railway at Kalyan.

The Maharashtra State Electricity Board has recently opened an independent Divisional Office at Nasik to look after the implementa­tion of the schemes of electric supply in the district. The diesel power station at Manmad has been purchased by the Board. This Board has to execute one "long-term" and another "short-term" schemes in the district, out of which the short-term scheme is almost complete.  According to this scheme electricity from Koyna is brought from Kalyan to Igatpuri from where it is to be carried to Manmad. On its way a big power station will be constructed at Nasik Road to cater to the needs of Nasik city and the neighbouring villages. At first the electricity will be taken from Igatpuri sub-station to Nasik and then to Niphad station. This scheme is known as the Nasik-Niphad Electric Supply Scheme. The district will also get its supply of electricity from Koyna-Sholapur Supplementary Scheme, second stage of Koyna Project and through Tata and Railway Schemes and also through Khandesh-Marathwada Scheme. The distribution of this electricity will be through private concerns who will get grid connections from the Board. The talukas to be benefited will be Niphad and Sinnar. Bulk of the supply will be utilised by the sugar factory at Niphad.

TABLE No. 4 – ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATED, PURCHASED AND CONSUMED

IN NASIK DISTRICT

(In thousand K.W.H.)

Year	K.W.H		K.W.H. sold to public
	Generated	Purchased	Domestic consumption	Commercial light and small power	Industrial power	Public lighting	Other purposes	Total
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
1951	7,366	98	1,067	1,291	3,410	207	54	6,029
1952	8,314	100	1,270	1,397	3,910	238	71	6,886
1953	8,731	112	1,374	1,488	4,941	283	64	8,150
1954	9,921	110	2,012	1,538	4,639	314	66	8,569
1955	11,480	114	1,727	1,784	5,536	375	58	9,480
1956	12,643	127	1,984	2,030	6,007	450	61	10,532
1957-58*	17,785	162	2,790	2,753	8,436	805	143	14,927
1958-59	15,415	151	2,509	2,222	6,972	592	417	12,712

*Note.-Figures for the year 1957-58 pertain to 15 months.

The long-term scheme envisages the construction of two large generating stations at Bhusaval and Kalyan and supply of power to the district from these two stations. The scheme is expected to take about five years for completion.

The parts of Malegaon, Chandor, Manmad and Yeola are to get their supply of electricity from the Khandesh-Marathwada Scheme by 1966 or so.

With the completion of all these schemes, ample power will be available in the district and may, therefore, accelerate its agro-industrial development.