FAUNA.

VERTEBRATA

Aurangabad and Jalna have long been famous hunting-grounds for the Officers of H. H. the Nizam's Contingent, and the writings of Colonel Shakespeare and other British sportsmen have made every one familiar with the hardy Dakhani pony, and the wild sports of this part of India. Among scientific observers, the veteran Colonel Sykes furnished the earliest list of the Fauna of the Dakhan, while Jalna has been prominently associated with the labours of the distinguished naturalist, Dr. Jerdon. Later still, the contributions of Mr. Blandford, and the illustrations of the Natural History of Western India by Major Gill of Ajanta, have helped in the work of identification. The government officials throughout the district have also rendered assistance, and the Tahsildars in particular furnished short lists of Fishes, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals that occur in their respective taluks.

Class I. PISCES. Some of the fishes, such as the loaches and smaller siluroids, are peculiar to the ghats, while others are confined to the plains. The natural breeding-places of the larger carps, the mahasir for instance, are in the hill streams, and many of these barbels are caught at the base of the hills, on their return to the main rivers. In the Godavari the migratory fishes of the herring family are most numerous from July to September, and numbers are taken in "dhands," or pools of water. The non-migratory members of the family breed in the tanks, and some of them, such as the " maral," or "walking fish," have been observed travelling on land. The spiny-rayed fishes are almost entirely confined to the plains, and are commonly met with in the tanks and jhils. Although the fishes are fairly distributed throughout the district, the Paitan taluk is the most favoured, as the river Godavari flows by it. In certain localities the Labeo rohita, "roho," "barus," "kavil," and other fishes are reared in "dhands" in the neighbourhood of temples, and in masonry tanks, and are looked upon as objects of veneration. The most notable of these masonry tanks is that familiarly known as the "panchaki," situated in the western part of the city of Aurangabad.

The following list of freshwater fishes has been compiled from information supplied by the district authorities. Dr. Day's Report on the Freshwater Fishes of India and Captain Beavan's work on the same subject have also been consulted.

Order TELEOSTEI. MURAENIDAE. Eels. Anguilla bengalensis; "bam." Generally found in marshes. CLUPEIDAE. Herring family. The " hilsa," a marine fish, ascends the rivers in certain seasons for spawning purposes, but it seldom comes up so far. Clupea chapra. Common in rivers and tanks. Engraulis telara ; " pencha." Found in the Godavari. NOTOPTERIDAE. Nolopterus chitala; " chitol." Common in rivers and tanks, and attains to several feet in length. N. kapirat ; " phloe." Common and eaten, but of indifferent flavour CYPRINIDAE. Carp, barbel, loach, &c. Aspidoparia morar; " amli," " morar," "chippua," " chellua." Pretty common. Barbus chagunio; " jena;" " chaguni," " ghundar." A good eating fish, grows to a foot and a half in length. B. chola ; " kerandi." Common, but not pleasant eating. B. sarana ; " darai-hi;" " pota," " sarana," " gidi koli." Very common, attains a length of two feet. B. tor (B, mosal); " mahasala;" " mahasir." Found in rivers in hilly parts is excellent as food, and extends its migrations to long distances. B. dorsalis lambi-kaoli;'' " sailkana." Not common, B. gelius. Found in tanks and ponds. B. kolus. Common. B. curmuca. Similar to the last, but larger. B.melanampyx. Found at the northern base of the ghats. B. parrah and B. amphibius. Rare. B. stigma; "potia." Very common. B. ticto; " koli " " kotri." Common. B. titius; " tit-pungti." Pretty common. B. vittatus " koli " " doknarmachi." Grows to two inches. Barilius bendelisis.. Found in rivers. B. cocsa; " khoksa," " johra." Common near the hills. B. gatensis. Found in the rivers north of the ghats. B. rerio; " mailwa." Pretty common. Catla buchanani; "boassa," " katla;" " tambra." Common in ponds and rivers; grows to several feet, and considered good eating. The following ' chiluas' are small, bright, silvery fish, tolerably common, and remarkably good eating when fried :. Chela alkotee.; "bhudh mura;" C. bacaila; " charl;" C. clupeoide; C. jorak; " ka" hari mura;" C teekanes; " checkna niura;" and C. phulo;" phul chela, "danari.'' The fishes of the genus Cirr-hina are of considerable importance as food. C. gohamna; "kala batta" Found on the hills and plains. C'. reba; batta;" "rewa." Common. C. leshenaulti. Pretty common, and larger than the two preceding. C. mirgala; "mirgal;" "mori." A very fine eating fish, found in all the freshwaters, and growing to three feet or more. Danio devario; '' debari;" " daba;" "duriahi;" and D. osteoqraphus. Pretty common. Discognatus lamta; " korafi;" " koli;" "patar chita;" " mullia" Found in the rapid streams. The Labeos include several fine fishes. L. ariza; " bangam bata";" L. boga; " gerai;" " dhokola;" " dhok;" and L. boggut; "kolis." Somewhat general. L. calbasu; " kalabans;" " kaloti." Very common, growing to four feet. L. curchius; " karsa;" " goni;" grows to five feet, and not so common. L. dussumieri. Comparatively rare. fimbriatus; " bholta;" and L. mullya. Pretty common. L. nukla ; and L. slriolata. Rare. L. rohita; " roho," " kavil;" "barus." Perhaps the commonest of the genus, and the most generally esteemed as food; grows to three or four feet, and is found in the tanks and ponds everywhere, but the best is taken in clear running water. Mola buchanani; and U. melettinus; "wambu;" " ulari." Common. M. harengula; " kala-tata;" " aku-chapa.' A large fish found in the Godavari. Nuria danrica , " malwaj;" " jongia;" "sumara;'' " karia dawahi." Pretty common. N. malabarica. Not so common. Perilampus atpar; " kach-hi;" " pila tapli." Common. Rasboro daniconius; "perua;" " danikoni;" mililoa." Found in every tank and pond. Rohtee ogilbii ; R, vigorsii; "khira," and R. cotio ; '' koti;" "manni;" " gurdha' Common in rivers. R. microlepsis. A large fish; found in the Godavari. Botio dario, " baktea." Found in rivers. Cobitis guntea ; "jupkari." Pretty common. Lepidocephalichthys balgara., and L. Thermals;" balu." Found occasionally. Nemachilus botio;" gulni;" and N. chlorosoma. Common, especially the former. SILURIDAE. Sheat fishes. Callichrous chekra; and C. bimaculatus; "pufta;" "chawala." Common, and fine flavoured. Macrones aor; "singara." A large cat-fish found throughout the district. M. carcio; "kagur;" "katara;" "tengara.'' Very common. M. cavasius; "ka'va'si-tengara." A silvery fish, grows to about a foot in length. M. chryseu; ' pila-katarni." Found north of the ghats. M. tengara; " katanra." A small fish, considered good eating. Pangasius buchanani. Common in the large rivers, growing to four feet and more in length; but not much relished. Pseudcutropius athernioides ; " patari; " "aher;" "bumbuch." Pretty common. P. garua; "batchua." Found in the larger rivers. P. goonywaree, P. longimanus, and P. megalops are smaller kinds. Rita kuturnee, and R. pavimentata; tolerably common. Wallago attu; baolli;" " phadan;" " balla;" "rajo machi." Grows to several feet in length, and remarkably good eating when taken from clean water. AMBLYCEPINAE. Aila bengalensis ; " sand kad;" "guriah." Common in the larger perennial streams, and well-flavoured. Bagarius yarrelli; " gunch;" "vaghari;" " khadad." A large fish found in the deeper parts of the Godavari, but rare. Clarius magur; " magur." Common in muddy ponds and ditches, and considered wholesome and nourishing. Eutropiicthys vacha; " batchua." A fine eating silvery fish, found with Aila bengalensis. G. lonah. Inhabits hill streams. Glyptosternum dekkanense; Hemipimeludus itchkeea; anjolla;" and II. cenia; "jangla;" "cenia;" "kamari." Small fishes common in the perennial streams. Sacco-branchus fossilis; "bichu-ka-machi;" "singi;" "amtuna." Highly nutritious, and in much request as a diet for invalids. Silondia gangetica; " siland." A silvery fish attaining six feet in length, found in the deepest and longest reaches of the Godavari. SCOMBRESOCIDAE. Belone cancela; "kangkila," " kowa." A well-flavoured fish, tolerably common in ponds and rivers.

PERCIDAE. Perch family Ambassis nama; " bakra;" " pampia." Pretty common. A. lala; " chandi." A golden fish with orange dots. A.ranga; "chandra;" " chandbigoa." Not common. A. baculis; "chandra." Very similar to the last, but much more common. MUGILIDAE. Mullets. Mugil corsula; " korsala;" " urwari machi;" " anwaraihi." One of the most delicious of Indian fish, found in the jhils and deep streams. GOBIIDAE. Gobies. Gobius giurus; " gulu;" " darmarna." A common fish, light and well-flavoured. Euctenogubius striatus. A small fish. NAHDIDAE. Badis buchanani; "bandiai;" "chiri;" and Nandus marmoratus ; "vadul," " latha." Small fishes, tolerably common. Trichogasler fasciatus; " ponandi." Grows to about five inches. OPHIOCEPHALIDAE. Snake-headed fishes. Ophiocephalus gachua; " churinga;" " dheri-dhok." Grows to about a foot in length. 0. maruluis; " phul-maral;" "saoli." The common maral, found throughout the fresh waters, especially in the large rivers, where it attains to four feet in length. 0. striatus; " maral;" "sowara dhok." The best eating of the genus, and found throughout the fresh waters. 0. punctatus;" phuldhok.'' Found in ponds. RHYNCHOBDELLIDAE. The spiny eels. Rhynchobdella aculeata; " ara;" " bommidai," Pretty common. Mastacemblus pancalus; "ghas bam;" " bahru." Grows to about six inches. U. armatus; " patari bam;" " wamabat." Pretty common.

GYMNCDUNTIDAE. Globe fishes. Terodon fluviatilis. Found in fresh water.

Class II. AMPHIBIA. Order ANOURA. Tail-less amphibians. BUFONIDAE. Toads; "mainduk." Bufo melanostictus; the common toad. Found everywhere. POLYPEDATIDAE. Hylorana malabarica, the Malabar bull-frog. Found in the ravines and ghats to the. north. Polypedates maculatus. The tree-frog; " thara." Common. RANIDAE. Frogs. Rana cyanophlyctis; " mainduk;" " ghouk." Very common in the tanks. R. gracilis. Common in marshy ground. R. tigrina ; " bithal mainduk;" the bull-frog ot Europeans. Very common, especially during the rains. Pyxicephalus. breviceps. Pretty common. RHINODERMATIDAE. Diplopelma ornatum; " kappa;" " thara." One of the smallest of the Indian frogs; not uncommon.

Class III. REPTILIA. Among the Reptiles of the district, the crocodile has been found in the longer reaches of the Godavari, and is very destructive to fish. The venomous snakes are comparatively rare, but a Malayan gecko, " biskopra," is common about rocks and dilapidated buildings, and is considered by the natives to be poisonous. Some of the typical reptiles in the following account were found at Jalna by Dr. Jerdon. Mr. Theobald's " REPTILES OF INDIA" has also been consulted.

Order CHKLONIA. TRIONYCIDAE. Fresh water turtles, of no use to man. Emyda vitatta; "singpusht;" "dhugdier." Common. BATAGURIDAE. River tortoises. Pangshura tentoria; " dura." Common. B. dhongoka; " dhongoka." Considered excellent as food. B. dentatta. Inhabits the larger rivers. EMYDIDAE. Pond tortoises. Melanochalys trijuga; " pakria kuchoa;" "thambail." Abounds in still waters and tanks. The flesh has a disagreeable smell. M. sebae; " kuehoa." Differs from the last in having a spotted head; not uncommon. TESTUDINIDAE. Land tortoises. Testudo elegans; "karsu kuchoa." Found in the low jungles of the Balaghat.

Order OPHIDIA. VIPERIDAE. Daboi ruttellii; "chandabora;" "ulu-bora;" "siah chanda;" the chain viper. Not common. Echis carinata; "afai." Not common. CROTALIDAE. Trimewrus strigolut; "punnari;" the brown tree viper. Rare. Hypnale nepa; "kara-wala." Found on the ghats; rare. ELAPIDAE. Naga tripudians; "naga"; "gokurra;" and a variety called " kuris gokurra," "kala samp," the cobra. The most common of the venomous snakes, but by no means plentiful. Its chief enemies arc the jungle fowl, pea fowl, mongoose and deer. Naga elaps; "sunkerchar;" "airaz;" "nalla nag;" the hamadryad. The largest and most deadly of venomous snakes; very rare. Bungarus caeruleus; "krait;" "dhaman chiti;" "anali;" the Indian bungarus. Pretty common. ERYCIDAE. Sand snakes. Ergx johaii;" ganmandal." The black sand snake, which snake-charmers, after mutilating the stumpy tail, exhibit as the "double-headed snake." Not uncommon. Gonglylophis conicus; the red sand snake. Tolerably common. PYTHONIDAE. Rock snakes. Python molurus; "ajgar;" the common Indian rock snake, sometimes called ''boa." Occasionally found. LYCODONTIDAE. Harmless fanged snakes. Lycodon aulicus; "carpet snake." Common. L. striatus. Similar to the last, but not so common, L.jara. A smaller snake; not common. DIPSADIDAE. Nocturnal tree snakes. Dipsas trigonata; "kalian katti." Common. D. gokool; "tat jeripothi." Not so common. DRYIOPHDAE. Whip snakes. Passerita mycterizans; "kildu;" "hari samp." Exceedingly common. DENDAROPHIDAE. Tree snakes. Den-dropkis pictas ; the blue tree snake. Common. HOMALOPSIDAE. River snakes. Hypsirhina enhydris. Rare. NATRICINAE. Fresh water colubrides. Tropido-notus quincunciatus; '' pani samp;" the ordinary water snake. Found near the rivers, &c. T. stolatus;" halhalia." Very common. T. plumbicolor ; "auta masum;" "hara zamin samp;" the green ground snake. Sometimes seen. Attretium schistosum. Found near water. Synophis malabaricus. A Malayan snake, found in the ghats and ravines; rare. D. helena. Not common. Ptyas mucosas; '' dhaman;" the Indian rat snake. Frequently seen. Zamenis gracilis, and Z. brachyurus. Common. Z. fasciolatus. Not so common. Coronellaorientalis. Common. Cyclophis nasalis. Frequents the grassy plains. Ablabes humberli. Occasionally seen in dry places. OLIGODONTIDAE. Oligedon subgriseus; O. fasciatus, and Simotes russellii. Pretty common. CALAMABIDAE. Dwarf snakes. Macrocalamus lateralis. Rare. UROPELTIDAE. Rough tails. Silybura elliottis, and S. bicatenata. Common, but escape observation as they live underground at a depth of about four feet. TIPHLOPIDAE. Blind snakes. Sometimes observed, when they appear above the surface. Typhlops theobal-danus; "kavathi." Pretty common. T. braninus; "randu talulu." One of the commonest kind. Onchocephalus acutus; often called a blind worm. Common.

Order LACERTILIA. Lizards. Varanus dracaena; "ghorpor;" ''ghodatala;" the land lizard. Common; highly esteemed as food by the Bhils and low castes. LACERTIDAE. Cabrita leschenaulti; "samp surla;" "balli." Frequents bushy ground, hedges of euphorbia, and clumps of cactus. C. jerdoni. Much like' the previous but smaller. Ophiops jerdoni. Smaller again. SINCIDAE. Euprepes carinatus; "bammi chiplak;" "chip-kuli;" gnuha; the Indian skink. The commonest and most widely spread lizard, The variety in the Dakhan has a yellowish band. E. macularius. Resembles the preceding and is co-extensive with it. E. brevittatus. Much like E. carinatus. The type was found in Jalna by Dr. Jerdon. E. septemlineatus. Smaller than E. carinatus. E. innotatut. Found towards Berar. Riopa albo-punctala; the white-dotted skink. Pretty common. R. hardwickii; the white-streaked skink. Common. R. punctata; the dotted skink". Found chiefly in the hilly parts. Chiamela lineata; a small worm-like lizard. Not common. GECKOTIDAE. "Chip-lak;" "gecko." One kind of gecko (?), called " biskopra," perhaps the Malayan form G. guttatus, is frequently met with, and is considered by the natives to be poisonous. Hemidactylus triedrus. Pretty common. H. maculatus. One of the ordinary house geckos. H. sykesii. Chiefly confined to the billy places'. H. leschenaulti. Pretty common. H.framotus. Another of the common house geckos. H. subtriedrus. Closely allied to H. triedrus, but not so common. Gymnodactylus dakhanensis. Occasionally found. G. jerdoni. The representative of G. mysoriensis; found at Bangalore. Eublepharis macularius. Replaces E. hardwickii in W. India. Teratolepis fasciatus. The type was obtained at Jalna. AGAMIDAE. ''Girgut." Sitana pondiceriana; the fawn-coloured "girgut;" and Branchocela indica; "thonda;" "girgut." Occasionally seen. Calotes ophiomachus; "saldier girgut." Pretty common. C. elliotti. Found in the hilly parts. C. versicolor; "girgut." Found in hedges and trees. Charasia dorsalis; the rock lizard. Common. C. balandfordiana; "arthi saldier." Found on rocks. CHAMELIONIDAE. Shameleo vulgaris; "kum girgut;" "bukalu-mun." Tolerably common in the jungly portions of the district.

Class IV. AVES. There have been unusual facilities for preparing a list of the birds of the district. Dr. Jerdon, the Indian ornithologist, remained at Jalna from 1837 to 1841, and published a catalogue of birds in 1839-40. Some of the birds that were specially noted by him at A'janta and Jalna will be found properly acknowledged in the following list. Much assistance has also been derived from " STRAY FEATHERS," edited by Mr. Allan Hume, the greatest living authority on Indian ornithology; and the contributions of the Rev. S. B. Fairbank at Ahmednagar, and of Messrs. Davidson and Wenden in other parts of the Dakhan, have been particularly useful. Nearly all the birds given in the list have been identified. Among the few Malabar forms found in the ravines of the ghats, the commonest are the Malabar whistling thrush and the small green barbet. The rarer kinds are the jungle black kite, the banded bay cuckoo, the orange minivet, the Malabar racket-tailed drongo, and the Malabar wood-pigeon. Of the North-West birds, the rufous grass warbler, the striated weaver bird, and the stone plover are common; while the hobby, the Alpine swift, the European cuckoo, and the Southern sirkir, are only occasionally seen. The birds frequenting the jungles are chiefly barbets, orioles, woodpeckers, babblers, bush-quails, honey-suckers, spurfowls, green pigeons, shrikes, bulbuls, and cuckoos. In the cold season, teals, shovellers, gadwalls, widgeons, and other water birds are abundant. The woodcock is a rare straggler, but snipe is common, and the painted variety is a permanent resident. Thousands of "tilias" and bunting, with parroquets, demoiselle cranes, &c, commit extensive ravages in the grain fields.

Order NATATORES. PODICIPIDAE. The grebes. Podiceps minor; "churaka;" "pandub;" "pantirri;" "dub-dubi;" the little grebe or dabchick. Exceedingly abundant in all the larger tanks; breeds in the rains. LYRIDAE. Larus cachinnans. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen near Jalna which Mr. Hume identified as the young of L. cachinnans. Sterna anglica; the gull-billed tern. Found chiefly during the rains and cold weather. Hydrochelidon hybrida; the small marsh tern. Common. S. seena; the larger tern. Found in all the rivers; breeds on " chars," or sandbanks. S. melanogastra; the black-bellied tern. Very common; breeds on sandbanks. Rhynchops albicollis; the Indian skimmer. Not common; breeds on " chars" in April and May. TOTIPALMATAE. PELECANIDAE. Pelecanus philippensis ; the grey pelican. Sometimes seen in the rivers and tanks. GRACULIDAE. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis; "ghogar;" "pan-kowal;" the lesser cormorant. Found occasionally in the rivers that run through forest and hilly ground. P. pygmoeus; "pan-kowa;" "jog-rabi;" the little cormorant. Very common in rivers, tanks, and pools of water. PLOTINAE. Plotus melanogaster; "banwa;" the Indian snake bird. Numerous along the rivers; breeds on trees. PHCENICOPTERIDAE. Flamingoes. Phcenicopterus antiquorum; "bag hans." Not common, but flocks often visit the larger tanks, and remain from January to July. P. minor; the smaller flamingo. Remains longer than the other. ANSERIDAE. Geese. Sarcidiornis melanonotus; "nukta;" the black-backed goose or "comb-duck." Moderately common in the rainy and cold "season; breeds in July or August. Nettopus coromandelianus; "girja;" "girri;" the white-bodied goose-teal or "cotton-teal." Found during the rains and cold season; breeds on old trees. Dendrocygna javanica; "silli," "adla;"the whistling teal. Very common in the wooded parts of the district, in the rainy and cold season; but rare in the open places. D. fulva; "badak;" the large whistling teal. Tolerably abundant, and quite as common as the lesser kind at Jalna. Casarca rutila; "surkhab;" "chakwa;" "sarza;" the ruddy shell-drake or "brahmani duck." A well-known winter visitant; tolerably common in all the rivers. ANATIDAE. Ducks. Spatula chypeata; "tidari;" the shoveller. Not uncommon during the cold weather. Anas poecilorhyncha; "garm-pai;" "bata;" spot bill or grey duck. A. permanent resident, frequenting the well-wooded portions of the district. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea; "lalsira;" the pink-headed duck. Seen occasionally in the cold season. Chaulelamus streperus; "bekhar," the gadwall. A very common winter visitant. Dafila acuta; "dighons;" the pintail duck. Found in the cold weather, but not in great numbers. Mareca penelope; "patari;" the widgeon. Quite as common as the gadwall. Querquedula crecca; "chotta murghabi;" " tulsia-bigri;" the common teal. Very abundant; often seen in the tanks and rivers in inmense flocks; arrives early and leaves late. Q. circia; "chaitwa;" the Garganey teal. Very abundant but arrives later. Fuligula rufina; the red-crested pochard. Tolerably common in the cold weather. F. ferina; the red-headed pochard. Bare; only found in small parties in the larger and open tanks. F. cristata; " dubaru;" the tufted duck or " golden-eye." Fairly common near the centres of open tanks; leaves late.

Order GRALLATORES. Waders or shore birds. RALLIDAE. Purzana maruetla : "kairi;" "gurgura-kairi;" the spotted rail. Not rare in the cold season. P. bailloni; Baillon's crake. Much more common. Gallinula chloropus; "godhan;" "jal-murghi;" the water-hen. Common. Erythra phaenicura; "dawak;" "kurain;" the white-breasted water-hen. Tolerably common; breeds in July. Fulica atra; " dasari;" the bald coot. Sometimes found in considerable flocks; breeds in the district. Porphyrio poliocephalus; "kaim;" "kaima;" the purple coot. Spread all over the district. PARRIDAE. Parra indica; " dall-pipi;" the bronze-winged jacana. Rare; breeds during the rains. Hydrophasianus chir urgus; "piho;" "sardal;" the pheasant-tailed jacana. Seen on the top of some lotus or other floating plant; breeds in July and August. GRUIDAE. Grus antigone; the ''saras;" or Cyprus crane A rare cold-weather visitant seen towards Kandesh. G. Communis; "kulang;" the common crane. Seen in small flocks during the cold season; leaves about the end of March. Anihropoides virgo; "karkarra;" '' kalam;'' the demoiselle crane. Occurs in large flocks during the cold weather. ARDEIDAE. Herons. Ardea cinerea; "kabud;" the heron. Common; breeds on high trees. A. purpurea; "nari;" the purple heron. Abundant. Herodias torra; "malang-bagla"; "torra-bagla;" the large egret. Found everywhere in the rivers and tanks, and breeds in companies on trees. H. intermedia;. "patanga;" "patokha-bagla;" the smaller egret. Common; has similar habits. E. garzetta; "kilchia;" "kirchia-bagla;" the little egret. Abundant and very familiar when not disturbed. Demiegreitta gularis; "kala-bagla;" the ashy egret. Found on the banks of rivers. Bubulcus coromandus; "doria-bagla;" "gai-bagla;" the cattle egret. Numerous in the rainy and cold seasons; breeds in the hot weather. Ardeola grayi; " ndhi-bagla;" the pond heron or " paddy bird." Seen at the side of every river, tank, and pond of water; breeds on trees in the rains. Butorides javanica; "koncha-bagla;" the little green bittern. Very common about the well-wooded streams of the Balaghat. Ardetta cinnamomea; "lal bagla;" the chestnut bittern. Not common; chiefly nocturnal, and found in damp situations on the ghats. A. sinensis; "jun-bagla;" the yellow bittern. Not common; breeds in October. Botaurus stellaris; "baz;" "nir-yang;" the bittern. Rare. Nycticorax griseus; "wak;" the night heron. Moderately common. CICONIDAE. Storks. Leptoptilus argalus; "hargaila;" "dasta;" the gigantic stork or adjutant. Rare; comes in towards May and remains till October. L.javanicus;" chingara;" the hair-crested stork or small adjutant. Sometimes found in small numbers. Xenorhynchus asiaticus; " banaras;" "lo-harjing;" the black-necked stork. Common, and a permanent resident. Ciconia nigra; " surmai;" the black stork. Seen occasionally in the cold weather. C. alba.; "lag-lag;" "ugli;" "hagi-lag-lag;" the white stork. A moderately common winter visitant. Dissura episcopa ; " manik-jor;" "kandeswar;" "kaurau;" the white-necked stork. Common in the well-watered parts of the district; breeds from December to March. TANTALIDAE. Tantalus leucocephalus; "dokh;" "janghal;" the pelican-ibis. Common; breeds in February. Platalea leucorodia; " chamach buza;" the spoonbill. Frequents the rivers and tanks; breeds in April and May. Anastomus oecitans; "gungla;" "samak-kholk;" "hammak-kas;" the shell-ibis. Found in the rainy and cold seasons. Ibis melanocephala; "munda;" "safaid buza;" the white ibis. Mostly found in the cold season; breeds in some parts of the district. Inocotis papillosus; "kala buza;" "karankal;"the warty-headed ibis. Common,, breeding in May and again in the lust three months of the year. Falcinellus igneus; "kiwara;" the glossy ibis. Found in the cold weather. SCOLOPACIDAE. Scolopax ruticula; "sim-titar;" the woodcock. A rare straggler in its periodical migrations north and south. Gallinago sthenura; the pintail snipe. Common in the cold weather. G. gallinaria; "bharka;" " chaha;" "surkhab;" "tibud;" the common snipe. More abundant; arrives in September and October. G. gallinula; " chota chaha;" the jack snipe. Less common; arrives later than the common snipe and departs earlier. Rhynchaea bengalensis; the painted snipe. A permanent resident; breeds in June and July, but a nest was found on the 11th February in the bed of an almost dry river near Aurangabad. Tringa swbarquata; the curlew stint. Occasionally seen in flocks in the larger rivers. T.minuta; " choti-pan-loha;" the little stint. Very common, arriving in September and leaving in May. T. temmincki; the white-tailed stint. Less numerous. Rhyacophila glareola; "chupka;" "chobaha;" the spotted sandpiper. Very common in the cold weather. Tringoides hypoleucua; the common sandpiper. Abundant. Numenius lincatus; "goar;" "gangh;" the curlew. Rare; arrives in September and leaves in March. Machetes pugnax; " gehwAli;" the ruff. Found in the cold season. Totanus ochropus ; the green sandpiper. Very common; one of the earliest of the tribe to come in. T. glottis "tim-tuna; " " tun-tuna";" the green-shanks. Often seen on the edges of rivers and tanks; arrives in September and leaves in April. T. stagnatilis; "chota gotra;" the little green-shanks. Common. T. calidris; "chota-batan;" the red-shanks. Found throughout the district in the cold weather. Limosa oegocephala; "gairaia;" "bara chaha;" the small godwit. Found in the cold weather. CHARADRIDAE. Charadrius fulvus; "chota-batan;" the golden plover. Not very common. AEgialitis dubia; "zirrea;" the common ringed plover. Common; breeds on "chars" in December and May. AE. minuta; the lesser ringed plover. Sometimes seen among the hills. Chettusia gregaria; the black-sided lapwing. Common in some parts during the cold weather; departs early in the year. Dr. Jerdon saw it at Jalna. Lobivanellus indicus; "titiri;" "titai;" the red-wattled lapwing, or "did-he-do-it." Very common; breeds from April to July. Lobipluvia malabarica; " zirdi;" the yellow-wattled lapwing. Common; breeds from May to July. Hoplopterus ventralis; the spur-winged lapwing. Found along the larger rivers. GLAREOLIDAE. Glareola orientalis; the large swallow-plover. Chiefly found near the large rivers during the cold weather. G. lactea; the small swallow-plover. Common. Squatarola helvetica; "barra-battan;" the grey-plover. Seen in flocks during the cold season, HIMANTOPIDAE. Himantopus candidus; "gaj-pan;" the stilt or long-legs. Found in numerous flocks in the cold weather. AEsacus recurvirostris; "abi;" "barra-krwanak;" the large stone, plover. Not uncommon. CEdicnemut scolopax; "karwanak;" "lambi;" "barsiri;" the stone plover. Common in the low gtony and jungly hills. OTIDIDAE. Eupodotis edwardsi; "hum;" "kara dhok;" ''maldhok;" "barra chirath;" the Indian bustard. Common in the rains and cold season; breeds in the district. Sypheotides aurita; "tun mor;" "charas;" "likh;" the lesser florikan. Common throughout the plains; breeding in September and October.

Order RAZORES. TETRONIDAE. Francolinus pictus; "kala titar;" the painted partridge. Common; breeds in the district from June to September. Ortygornis pondicerianus; "titar;" "gora titar;" the grey partridge. Very common; breeds in March and again in the rains. Perdicula asiatica; "lowa;" "gira;" the jungle bush quail. Found amoug the ghats towards Kandesh. P. argoon-dah; "owa;" the rocky bush quail. Very common; breeds from September to March. Coturnix communis; "batair;'' "barra batair;'' the quail. Very common from November to the end of March; migrates in the rains and breeds elsewhere. C. coromandelica; "batair;" " barganga;" the rain quail. Found at all seasons, but most commonly in the rains; breeds from August to the middle of October. TINAMIDAE. Turnix taigoor ; "gulu;" "gundlu;" the black-breasted bustard quail. Common; breeds in the district. T. joudera; the larger button quail. Rare; found only in the jungly and hilly portions of the district. T. dussumieri; "ubki;" "tura;" "durwi;" the little button quail. Common; breeds from August to October. PHASIANIDAE. Pavo cristatus; "mhor;" "ta-us;" "Landuri;'' the pea fowl. Abundant in the wooded hills and ravines; breeds from July to October. Gallus sonnerati; "jungli-murghi;" "ram-kobada;" "kombadi;" the grey jungle-fowl. Common in the jungly and broken grounds of Balaghat. Galloperdix spadiceus; "chota-jangli-murgbi;" "kokatri;'' "astur;" the red spur-fowl. Found along the ghats; breeds in March. PTEROCLIDAE. Plerocles fasciatus; "handeri;" "bhut-bun;" the painted sand grouse. Common at the base of the hills; breeds in March. P. exastus; "bakt-titar;" "pokaradi;" "pokandi;" the common sand grouse or rock pigeon. Seen in large flocks; breeds from December to June. GOURIDAE. Chalcophaps indica; "ram-ghughu;" the emerald ground dove. Bare; found in the well-wooded parts. COLUMBIDAE. Turtur pulchratus; the Indian turtle-dove. Found all along the Ghats, especially on the western slopes. T. meena; "kulla-fakta;" "hulga;" the rufous turtle-dove. Chiefly found in the cold season on the Balaghat. T. senegalensis,-"tortru fakta;" the little brown dove. Common; breeds in the district. T. suratensis; "chitroka fakta;" the spotted dove. Found on the plains, but more abundant in the well-wooded portions of the district. T. risorius; "dnorfikta;" the Eastern ring-dove. Abundant everywhere; breeds on the plains at all seasons. T tranquebaricus; "iroti fakta;" "golabi-ghughus;" the red turtle-dove. Common; breeds in the district Pulumbus elphinstonii, the Nilghiri wood-pigeon. Rare; occasionally found in the heavy jungles of the ghats. Columba intermedia; "kabutar;" "parvi;" the blue pigeon. Very common. TRERONIDAE. Crocopus chlorigaster; "harrial;" the southern green pigeon. Found everywhere. Osmotreron malabarica; the grey-fronted green pigeon. Rare; seen in the jungles of the ghats.

Order SCANSORES. CUCULIDAE. Cuculus canorus; the European cuckoo. Appears sparingly during the rainy and cold seasons. C. poliocephalus. Rare; seen during the same seasons. C. sonnerati ; the banded bay cuckoo. Found sparingly towards the ghats. C. micropterus; "bau-kotaku;'' the large-billed cuckoo. Found in the jungles of the ghats; common during the rains. Hierococcyx varing; "kupak;" "zakkhat;" the hawk cuckoo. Common; its loud crescendo notes are to be heard in the breeding season from April to July. Cacomantis pauerinus;" pausai;" the Indian plaintive cuckoo. Common. Coccystes jacobinus; "popia;" "chatak;" the pied crested cuckoo. Common in the rains; believed to breed. Eudynamis honorata; "koil;" the well-known Indian koil. Common; its noise is to be heard everywhere in the breeding season. Rhophodytes viridirostris; " kappra-popia;" the small green-billed malkoha. Frequents the bambu and bushy jungles of the north; breeds in July. Centrococcyx rufipennis; "mahoka;" "kukal;" the" crow pheasant." Common; breeds in the district. Taccocua leschenaulti; "janglitota;" the southern sirki. Seen near white-ants' nests on the grassy slopes near the jungles. T. afinis; the Central Indian sirki. Found throughout the district; rare. Dr. Jerdon procured one at Jalna. PICIDAE. Picas mahrattensis;" lakharphor;" "kat-tokra;" the yellow-fronted woodpecker. Found everywhere; breeds in the district. Yungipicus gymnop-thalmus; the southern pigmy woodpecker. Found in the jungles of the ghats. Chrysocolaptes strictus; the southern large golden-backed woodpecker. Found on the ghats; not common; breeds in March. Gecinus striolatus; the small green woodpecker. Seen on the ghats; rare. Micropternus gularis ; the Madras rufous woodpecker. Has its limit in this district, and probably its northern congener may also be occasionally found. Yumx torquilla, " girdan aiangtha;" the common wryneck. A cold weather visitant. PSITTACIDAE. Palaeornis eupatria; "rai-tota." A parakeet which appears to belong to this species is found near the old fort of A'ntur, where it is said to breed in the cold weather. P. torquatus; "ragu;" " kira;" " laibar-tota;" the rose-ringed parakeet. A familiar bird, very destructive to grain fields and fruit gardens; breeds in the cold weather. P. purpurens; "tuia. tota;" the western rose-headed parakeet. Common along the hills, visiting the plains in the rainy season; breeds from December to March. MEGALAEMIDAE. Megalaema inornata; "barra basauta;" "kutumra;" the western green barbet. Sometimes found on the western slopes of the ghats overlooking Kandesh. M. viridis; the small green barbet. Found in the ghits towards Kandesh. Xantholaema haemacephala: "kat-khora;" " tambaiat;" "chota bassant bairi;" the crimson-breasted barbet. Very common; breeds in the district.

Order INSESSORES.-Tribe CONIROSTRES. BUCEROTIDAE. TOCKUS griseus; "chakotra;" the jungle grey hornbill. Moderately common. STURNIDAE. Acridotheres tristis; " maina;" "salouka;" the maina. A very familiar bird; considered sacred to the god Ramdev; breeds in May and June. A. fuscus; "pahari maina;" "jhonti maina;" "jhont salik."Found in the hilly and jungly portions of the district Sturnia pagodarum; " papai maina;" the black-headed maina. Not so abundant as the common maina; found chiefly in the cold season; breeds in May. Pastor roseus; "golabi maina;" "tilia;" the rosy pastor or "jowari" bird. Appears in November in vast flocks, and commits great depredations in the grain fields; remains until April. CORVIDAE. Corvus macrorhynchus; "karrial;" "dhal kowa;" the Indian corby. Common; breeds from April to June. C. splendens; "kowa;" "pati kowa;" the Indian grey necked crow. One of the most familiar birds in the district; found in every town and village; breeds from May to July. Dendrocitta rufa; "maha lat;' the Indian magpie. Found along the hills, and only occasionally in the plains. FRINGILLIDAE. Ploceusphilippinus; " baia;" the Indian weaver bird Very common; breeds in July. P. manyar; " bamani baia;" the striated weaver bird. Comparatively rare. Amadina malacca; "nakalnor;" the black-headed munia. Not common. A. punctulata; "telia munia;" "singbiz;" " shabz munia;" the spotted mania. Pretty general; breeds in the district. A. malabarica; "charchara;" "piddari;" "sar munia;" the plain brown munia. Common; breeds at all seasons. Estrelda amandava;" "lal munia;" the red wax-bill. Found towards the ghats. Passer domesticus; " khas-churi;" " gourira;" the sparrow. Very common; breeds at all seasons. Gymnoris flavicollis; "raji;" "jangli churi;" the yellow-necked sparrow. Found everywhere, but in small numbers; breeds in April. Emberiza bachanani; the grey-necked bunting. Tolerably common, especially on the ghats. E.fucata; " pathar-chirta;" the grey-headed bunting. Was found at Jalna by Dr. Jerdon. Euspiza melanocephala; " gandam;" the black-headed bunting. Appears in immense flocks about the end of November, and is very destructive to the grain crops. E. luteola;" gandam;" the red-headed corn bunting. A cold-weather visitant; comparatively rare. Dr. Jerdon did not see a single red-headed bunting among the thousands of black-headed bunting that yearly visit the corn-fields of Jalna. Melophus melanicterus; "pathar chirta;' the crested black bunting. Sparsely scattered on the sides of the ghats. Carpodacus erythrinus; "tusi;" the common rose finch. A cold-weather visitant; leaves in the end of March. Mirafra erythroptera; "jangli aggia';'' the red-winged bush lark. Chiefly found on the hill sides, and very common in the low scattered jungle about Jalna. Ammomanes phoenicura: "aggia;" "raital;" the rufous-tailed finch lark. Very numerous; breeds about Jalna in February and March, and in other places up to April. Pyrrhulauda grisea; "duri;" "jathauli;" the black bellied finch lark. Found in every field; breeds at all seasons, particularly from January to March. Calandrella brachydactyla; "baghaira;'' "baghoda;" the short-toed or social lark. Arrives in large flocks in the cold weather, and leaves in March and April, when it. is shot as " rtolan," and is very fat and excellent eating. Spizalauda deva; "chinna chandol;" the small-crested lark. Very numerous everywhere; breeds in July or August. Alauda gulgula; "bhurut;" the Indian skylark. Not uncommon in rice fields, grassy hills, &c; breeds from March to June. Tribe DENTIROSTRES. LANIADAE. Lanius lahtora; " dudia lahtora;" "safaid lahtora;" the Indian grey shrike. Common; breeds abundantly at the end of the hot weather. L. caniceps ; " mattia lahtora;" the southern rufous-backed shrike. Found along the hills, and sparingly on the plains till April or May. L. vittalus; "pachanak ;" the bay-backed shrike. Common till March; retires from the more open parts during the breeding season in May and June. L. cristalus; the brown shrike. Common during the cold season, but disappears in the hot season and during the rains. Tephrodornis pondicerianus; "keroula;" the common wood shrike. Not so common on the bare plains as in the jungles of the hills. Hemipus picatus; the pied fly-shrike. Chiefly found in the jungles of the ghats. Volvocivora sykesi; " jangli kasia;" the black-headed cuckoo shrike. A rather common winter visitant. Groueultts macii; "kasia;" the large cuckoo shrike. Found everywhere, but not abundant. Pericrocotus flammeus; "phiri-balal-chasm;" the orange minivet. Found along the western slopes of the ghats. P. brevirostris; the short-billed minivet. A rare straggler in the cold weather. P. peregrinus; "balalchasm;" the small minivet. Common, but most abundant in the wooded parts of the district; breeds in the rains. P. erythropygius; the white-bellied minivet. Not uncommon in the low jungles Dr. Jer Don procured a specimen at A'janta. Buchanga atra; "kolsa;" ''bojanga;" "kotwal;" the king crow. Very common; breeds in the district. B. longicaudatus; "nil-flnga;" the long tailed king crow. Found along the ghats; rare on the plains. B. caerulescens; "pharibachanga;" "dhapri;" the white-bellied king crow. Found everywhere, but not abundant. Diseemurus paradiseus : "kationgal;" the lessor racket tailed drongo. Found in the jungles towards Kandesh. MUSCICAPIDAE. Mucipeta paradisi; "shah-bulbul;" "hussaini-hulbul" (white bird); "sultana-bulbul''(red bird); the Paradise flycatcher. Fairly scattered all over the district, but most common along the hills. Hypothymis azurea; "kala' kat-katia;" the black-naped blue flycatcher. Tolerably common in the well-wooded portions of the district. Leucucerca aureola; "samchiri;" "macharia;" the white-browed fantail. Found in every clump of trees; breeds in the district. L. leucogaster; the white-spotted fantail. Comparatively rare; chiefly found about the hills. Culicieapa ceylonensis; the grey-headed flycatcher. A cold weather visitant; not common. Alseonax latirostris; "zaki;" the southern brown flycatcher. Found everywhere, but not abundant. Stoporala melanops; "nil katkatia;" the verditer flycatcher. Found chiefly among the hills in the rains and cold weather. Cyornis tickelli; Tickell's blue redbreast. Sparsely scattered everywhere. C. ruficaudus; the rufous-tailed flycatcher. Rare; has been found towards Ahmadnagar. Muscicapula superciliaris. Appears in the cold weather. Dr. Jerdon procured a specimen at the edge of the northern ghats near A'janta. Erythrosterna parva; "turra' the white-tail robin flycatcher. Not rare in the cold weather. MERULIDAE. Myiophoneus honfieldi; the Malabar whistling thrush. Scattered all over the district, especially in the jungles of the hills; breeds in August. Pitta brachyuru; "naurang;" the yellow-breasted ground thrush. Found throughout the district wherever it is tolerably wooded. Cyanocinclus cyanus; "shama;" "pandu;" the blue rock thrush. A very familiar cold weather visitant throughout the district, remaining till the middle of April. Petrophila cinclorhyncha; the blue-headed chat-thrush. Moderaely common during the rains and cold weather. Geocichla cyanotis;" tinrang-ka-kasturi;" the white-throated ground thrush. Found along the hills. G. unicolor; "desi-pawai;" the dusky ground thrush. Found in the jungles of the district in the cold weather. Merula nigropilea; "kasturi;" the black-capped blackbird. Found in the cold weather. Dr. Jerdon states that it occurs in the higher table-lands of Central India, as at Jalna. Pyctoris sinensis; "galchasm;" "balaluhasm;" the yellow-eyed babbl r. Tolerably common; breeds in the wooded parts. Pellorneum ruficeps; Swninson's wren warbler. Found along the hills. Pomatorhinut horsfieldi; the southern scimitar babbler. Common in the ravines of the ghats. Argya walcolmi; "gogai;" "kokatti;" "khair;" "sath-bai;" the large grey-fronted babbler. One of the commonest birds of the district; particularly abundant about Jalna. Chatarrhoea cauduta; "dumri;" the straited bush babbler. Common; breeds in the district. BRACHYPODIDAE. lxos luteolus; the white-browed bush bulbul. Pretty common in the low jungles, Otocompsa futcicaudata; the southern red-whibkered bullul. Rather common in the wooded parts; breeds in March and the following mouths. Molpastes haemorrhous; the Madras bulbul. Very common; breeds from June to September. Phyllornis jerdoni; "Larriwa;" the green bulbul. To'erably common in the jungles of Balaghat. Iora typhia; "shaubnigi;" the Iora. Seen almost in every garden; breeds during the rains. Oriolus kundoo; "pilak;" the Indian oriole. Common; breeds in June and July. O. melanocephalus; "pilak;" "laldak;" the black-headed oriole. An occasional straggler. AMPELIDAE. Zosterops palpebrosa; the white-eyed tit. Common. Sylviparus modcstus; the yellow-browed flower-pecker. Sometimes seen in the cold weather. Dr. Jerdon procured a specimen at A'janta, at the edge of the northern ghats. Parus nipalensis; the Indian grey tit. Common. Machlolophus ophonotus; the southern yellow tit. Found along the hills; breeds in September. SYLVIADAE. Copsychus saularis; "daiar;" the magpie robin. Common along the hills; rare on the plains. Cercotrichas macrura; "shama." Rather rare; only found in the thick woods along the raviues and ghats. Thamnobia fulicata; "kalchuri;" the southern black robin. Common about the villages; breeds from April to July. Pratincola caprata; "kala pidha;" the black bush-chat. Common; breeds during the same months as the last. P. maura; the Indian bush-chat. A very common winter visitant. Saxicola opistholeucus; the white-tailed stone-chat; S. isabellinus; the wheat-ear; and S". deserti; the black throated wheat-esr. Found towards Ahmadnagar. Ruticilla rufiventris; "thirthira;" the Indian redstart. Fairly numerous during the cold season. Larvivora superciliaris; the blue wood chat. Moderately common during the rains and cold weather. Cyanecula suecica; "husaini-pidda;" the red-spot blue throat. Common; leaves at the end of the cold weather. Acrocephalus sten-torius; the large reed warbler. Found among rushes, long grass, &c. A. dume-torum; "podina;" "tik-tikki," the lesser reed warbler. Found in the cold season. Orthomus sutorius; "phutki;" "tuntuni;" the Indian tailor-bird. Common; breeds in June and July. Prinia socialis; "phutki;" " pit-pitta;" the ashy wren-warbler. Nearly as common as the last; breeds in August. Cisticola cursitans; "gas-ka-pit-pitta;" the fan-tail warbler. Common in all grass lands; breeds in the rainy season. Drymoeca inornata; the earth-brown warbler. Common; breeds in the district. Franklinia buchanani; the rufous-fronted wren warbler. Common in low thorny jungle. Hypolais rama; Sykes's warbler. Common at all seasons. A nest of this bird was found at Jalna by Dr. Jerdon. Phylloscopus tristis; the brown tree warbler. Common among bushes and reeds. P. lugubris; the dull green tree warbler. Found throughout the district. P. nitidus; the bright-green tree warbler. Tolerably common in the cold weather. P. affinis; Tickeli's tree warbler. Found among the ghats. P. indicus; the olivaceous tree warbler. Not common. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen near Jalna. Reguloides occipitalis; the large-crowned warbler. Found towards Ahmadnagar. R. superciliotus; the crowned tree warbler. Common in the cold weather. Sylvia jerdoni; the large black-capped warbler. Found in the cold weather. Dr. Jerdon saw it at Jalna. S. affinis; the allied grey warbler. Migratory like the last; was seen at Jalna by Dr. Jerdon. S. althaea. Tolerably common throughout the district. Motacilla maderas-patemsis; " bhuin mamula;" " khanjan;" the river or large-pied wagtail. Common; breeds in the rains and cold weather. Mt. personata; "dhobin;" the black-faced wagtail. A familiar bird, comes in about the beginning of October and leaves in March or April. M. dakhanensis; " dhobin;" the Indian white-faced wagtail. Found in the cold months, and more common than the preceding. Calobates melanope; the grey and yellow wagtail. Common everywhere during the cold season, especially near the hill streams, where Motacilla dakhanensis is comparatively rare. Budytes cinereocapillus; "philkia;" the slaty-headed field wagtail. Common in the cold weather. B. calcarata; "pani-ka-philkia;" the yellow-headed wagtail. A migratory bird; net so common. Limonidromus indicus; the forest wagtail. Rare; sometimes seen in the jungles of the ghats. Anthus maculatus; "musarichi;" "khorasani-churi;" the Indian tree pipit. A common cold weather visitant. Corydalla rufula; " rugel;" "chachiri;" the Indian tit-lark. Very common in the cold season. C. striolata ; the large tit-lark. Less common. Agrodroma campestris; "chillu;" the stone pipit. Very common about stony ground. A. similis. One specimen of the rufous rock pipit was found towards Ahmadnagar. A. sordida; the brown rock pipit. Found by Dr. Jerdon on rocky ground near Jalna.

TENUIROSTRES. NECTARINIDAE. AEthopyga vigorsi; "phul-changa;" the violet-eared red honey-sucker. Found in the wooded valleys and western slopes of the ghats; not common. Cinnyria zeylonica;" shakar-khora;" the amethyst-rumped honey-sucker. Tolerably common in the well-watered parts; breeds in the district. C. asiatica; "shakar-khora;" the purple honey-sucker. Common; breeds in the district. Dicaeum erythrorhynchus; Tickell's flower-pecker. Found on the western slope of the ghats. Piprisoma agile; the thick-billed flower-pecker. Found in similar localities; not so common. UPUPIDAE;. Upupa epops; " hudhud;" the hoopoe. Common. U. ceylonensis; "hudhud;" the Indian hoopoe. Very common; breeds in the district.

FISSIROSTRES. HIRUNDINIDAE. Hirundo ruttica; "abibil;" the swallow. A cold-weather visitant; leaves about the end of March. H. filifera; " leishra;" the wire-tailed swallow. Common; breeds from February to March. H. erythropygia; " inasjid a babil;" the mosque swallow. Common; breeds in mosques, &c, during the rainy weather. H. fluvicola; the Indian cliff swallow. Found on some of the cliffs overhanging the Godavari and other rivers. Cntyle riparia; the European sand martin. Somewhat rare; only a winter visitant. Dr. Jerdon obtained a few specimens at Jalna. C. sinensis; "abali;" the Indian bank martin. Tolerably common; breeds on the banks of the rivers from December to March. Ptyonoprogne concolor; the dusky martin. Common; breeds from February to the end of August. Dr. Jerdon saw it at Jalna building its nest in the caves of lofty houses. P. rupestris ; the mountain martin. Found on the ghats, especially about cliffs. Cypsellus melba; the Alpine swift. Found in similar situations. C. affinia ; "ababil;" "babila;" the eastern swift. Common throughout the district; breeds in February and again in the rains. C. batassiensis; " tari ababil;" the palm swift. Very rare in the drier parts, but tolerably numerous in palm groves. Dendrochelidon coronata; the Indian crested swift. Sometimes found along the hills. CAPRI-MULGIDAE. Caprimulgus indicus; the jungle nightjar. Common; breeds in the district. C. kelaarti; the Nilghiri nightjar. Found by Dr. Jerdon in the lowlands of Kandesh below the A'janta ghat. MEROPIDAE. Merops virid is; "harrial;" "patringa;" the Indian bee-eater. Found throughout the district; breeds from March to July. M. philippinus; " bara patringa;" the blue-tailed bee-eater. Found towards Ahmadnagar. M. perticus; the Egyptian bee-eater. Appears sometimes in the cold season. CORACIADAE. Contexts indica; " sabzak;" " nilkant;" " tez;" the Indian roller. Common everywhere in the cold season; does not breed; held sacred to the god Siva. HALCYONIDAE. Haleyon smyrnensis; " kilkila;" the white-breasted kingfisher. Very abundant; breeds in March and April. Alcedo bengatlensis; " chota kilkila;" the Indian kingfisher. Common; breeds in deep holes in the banks of rivers. Ceryle rudis; "koraiala kilkila;" the pied kingfisher. Very common; breeds in all seasons except during the very hot months.

Order RAPTORES. STRIGIDAE. Owls. Strix javanica ; " karia;" " karail;" the eastern screech owl. Pretty common at all seasons; breeds in February. S. Candida; the grass owl. Not common. Syrnium ocellatum; the mottled wood owl. Not common; breeds in February. Alio accipitrinus : " chota ghugu;" the short-eared owl. Occurs in numbers during the cold weather; leaves in March. Bubo bengalensis; " ghugu;" " gubar;" the rock horned owl. Common along all brooks and ravines. Ketupa ceylonensis; " amraika-ghugu;" 'ulu;'' the brown fish owl. Frequents jungles, groves, and gardens along the ghats. Scops pennatus; the Indian scops owl. Chiefly observed in the cold and rainy months. S. brucii; the striated scops owl. Found towards Ahmadnagar. Carine brama; " ulu;" " choghad;" " pingli;" the spotted owlet. Very common; breeds from January to the middle of March. Ninox lugubris ; " choghad besra;" the brown hawk owl. Tolerably common in the jungles; rare on the bare plains; chiefly found in the rainy and cold seasons. FALCO-NIDAE. Falco peregrinator; " shahin;" "kohila." Rare; found near rocky bills in the neighbourhood of jungles. F.jugger; "laggar;" "jagar." Very common; breeds from January to March. F. severus; " daureli;" "regi;" the Indian hobby. Occasionally seen in the cold weather; not common. Dr. Jerdon killed one near Jalna. F. chiquera ; " turumti;" " tutri-mutri;" " chetwa;" the red-headed merlin. Very common; breeds from February to the end of March. Cerchneis tinnunculus; " narzi;" " narzanak;" the kestrel. Found everywhere in the cold weather; leaves in April. C. naumanni; the lesser kestrel. Found in the cold weather; breeds in the middle of May. Astur badius; "shikra;'' "chipka." Very common at all seasons; breeds in March. Accipiter nisus; "basha;" "bashin;" the sparrow-hawk. Common in the cold weather; breeds in March. A. virgatus; "besra;" "dhoti." Rare. Aquila mogilnik; "jumiz;" the imperial eagle. Pretty common. Dr. Jerdon had one at Jalna. A. vindhiana; " wokhab;" the tawny eagle. Very common; breeds in the cold season. Hieraetus pennatus; "bagati jumiz;" "gilheri-mar;" the booted eagle. Common; breeds in the cold season. Neopus malayensis; the black eagle. Rare. Nisaetus fasciatus, "mhorangi;" Bonnelli's eagle. Occasionally found in the jungles; breeds in the cold weather. Limnaetus caligalus; ''sadal;'' the changeable hawk-eagle. Found towards Ahmadnagar. Lacirrhatus; '' shah baz;" the crested hawk-eagle. Rare. Circaetus gallicus; "stmp-mar;" "sapimaril;" the serpent eagle. Common on the plains from September to the beginning of April. Spilornis cheela; "maraiala;" the Indian harrier eagle. Common along the hills. Dr. Jerdon shot one near Daulalabad. Buteo ferox; "chuhamar;" the "long-legged buzzard. Common in open plains and marshy places. Butastur teesa; "tisa;'' the white-eyed buzzard. Very common. Circus maeturus; " dasmal;" " girgut-mar;" "pattai;'' the pale harrier. Common during the cold weather. C. cineraceus; " Montague's harrier." Migratory and equally abundant as the last. C. aervginosus; "kutar;" "kulesir;" "safaidsira;" the marsh harrier. Bare; principally found along the hills. Haliastur indus; " bahmani chil;" " rumubarak;'' " garuda;" the brahmani kite. Rather rare; breeds from January to April. Milvus govinda; " chil;" the pariah kite. Very common; breeds from September to the middle of March. M. melanotis. Larger than the last; sometimes found among the hills in the cold weather. Pernis ptilorhynchus: "shahutela;" the crested honey-buzzard. Common everywhere; breeds in February. Elanus cocruleus; ''kapasi;'' the black-winged kite. Moderately common; breeds from July to December. Vulturidae. Vultures. Otogyps calvus; "rangidh;" "malagidh;" "boanra;" "lalmata shakuni;' the black vulture. Seen about the hills, either solitary, or in pairs, or sometimes in groups of four or five. Gyps indicus; "barra gidh," "phari gidh;'' "mahado;'' ''sagun;" the long billed brown vulture. Found among the hills, and not rare on the cliffs bounding the valley in which are the caves of A'janta. Mr. Hume thinks that G. pallescens is the bird of Western India that invariably breeds on cliffs, and that G. indicus belongs to Eastern India. Pseudogyps bengalensis; "gidh;'' "sagun;" the white-backed vulture. Common and found in large numbers wherever the carcases of dead animals are exposed. Neophron ginginianus ; " kal murgh;" the Indian scavenger vulture. Exceedingly common about villages, feeding sometimes on carrion, but chiefly on human ordure.

Class V. MAMMALIA. From the situation of the district at the northern extremity of the ghats, it is not far removed from the horizon in which the north and south Indian fauna meet. Among the birds for example, the jungle grey-fowl, the red spur-fowl, the painted partridge, and the rufous woodpecker are replaced by northern forms above the A'janta ghats; but the line is not always well defined, and sometimes the types appear to inosculate. Thus, the Hanuman monkey of the north, and its congener of southern India, are both represented; but the former, as it occurs in the district, seems in reality to be an intermediate form between the two. The same remark applies to the Bengal short-tailed monkey and the Madras monkey, and likewise to the northern hare and the common black-naped hare. Of the other mammals in the district, the most abundant is the antelope, which occurs in greater numbers than in almost any other part of India. Its natural enemies, the wild dog and wolf, hunt it in packs. The wild boar associates in more or less numerous herds, called "sounders," and is plentiful wherever there is cover of long grass or low jungle. The soft-furred Held rat, " mattad," is a great scourge in the grain fields, especially after a season of drought. In preparing the following list, Dr. Jerdon's " Mammals of India" has been consulted.

Order EDENTATA. MANIDAE. Philodotus indicus; "bajar-kit;" sillu;" "kauli-ma;" "ban-rohu;" the Indian scaly ant-eater. Found in the hilly parts of the district, but nowhere abundant.

Order UNGULATA. SUIDAE. SUS cristatus; " suwar;" " barra janwar;" '' dukar;" " khuk;" '' bhund;" the Indian wild boar. Common. Pigsticking is a famous sport in the district, and the principal hunting ground near Aurangabad lies towards the Sattara hills. CERVIDAE. Rusa aristotelis; " sambar;" " meru;" " munpothi;" the sambar stag. Common in the jungles and ravines of the ghats. Axis maculatus; " chital;" " jhank;" " dhupi;" the spotted deer. Found in the jungles to the north, and along the course of the larger rivers; Cervulus aureus; " jungli-bakra;" " gutra;" " baz-serai;'' " kunda-guri;" the rib-faced or barking deer. Solitary; found in thick jungles. MOSCHIDAE. Memimna indica; " pisuri;" '' mugi;" " ahan;" the mouse deer. Keeps a good deal among rocks in the thick jungles of the north. BOVIDAE;. Bortax pictus; " ru-i;" "nilgai;" the blue cow. Tolerably common in the small scattered jungles. Tetraceros quadricornis; " chousinga;" the four homed antelope. Found on the jungly hills. Antelope bezoartica; " haran;" " kalwit;" " phandaiat;" the Indian antelope. Exceedingly common on the open plains. Dr. Jerdon saw larger herds in the neighbourhood of Jalna than anywhere else, occasionally some thousands together. They are very numerous at Baizapur, Gandapur, and all along the valley of the Godavnri. Gazclla benncttii : " chikara;'' '' kal-punch;" "jinka;" the Indian gazelle. Very common on the bare plains, low rocky hills, and in small thorny jungles. Gaveusgaurus; " gavia;" the ghar or bison. Found in the jungles of the ravines and ghats, but very rare.

Order CARNIVORA. URSIDAE. Ursus labiatus; " rinch;" " bhaluk;" '' aswail;" " khriss;" the Indian black bear. Common in the hilly portions of the district MELIDIDAE. Mellivora indica ; "biju;" " gugu;" the Indian badger. Found in the hilly portions of the district, and in the deep alluvial banks of rivers. Mus-TELIDAE. Lutra nair; " pani-kuta;" " jalmanger;" " udui;" " sug-arbi;" the Indian otter. Very common in the rivers and large tanks. VIVERRIDAE. Viverra zibetha; "katas;" " machbandar;" " musk-billi;" the civet cat. Found among the ghats, and in the dense thorny scrub on the banks of nallas. Viverricula malaccensis;" musk-billi;" " kastnri;" " jowadi-manjur;" the lesser civet cat. Common. Paradoxurus musanga; " menuri;" " jar-ka-kuta;" " ud;" the tree cat. Pretty common in wooded places. Herpestes griseus; " mangus;" " mival;'' " sumur;" the Madras mongoose. Very common in dense hedgerows, thickets, &c. H. vitticolis; " begi;'' " rasu;" the stripe-necked mongoose. Found in the jungles and ravines; not common. HYAENIDAE. Hyaena striata; " taras;" " lokra bagh;" " hundar;" '' thadhas;" the striped hyaena. Common in the open country. CANIDAE. Canis pallipes; " landagh;" " gurgh;" " waru;" '' thodial;" the Indian wolf. Found in the open country. C. aureus; " kola;" the jackal. Very common. An old jackal called " balu," or "phial," is popularly believed to be an attendant on the tiger. Ouon rutilans; " jangli kuta;" " kolsa;" " sakka sarai;" the wild dog. Common. Dr. Jerdon saw a pack of wild dogs at the foot of the Ajanta ghat, that had run down a full-grown female sambar. Vulpes bengalensis ; " lomri;" "kokri;" the Indian fox. Abundant in the open country. FELIDAE. Tigris regalis; "high;" "sher;'' " zaghun;" the royal tiger. Found in the jungles and ravines of the hills; occasionally visits the more open and cultivated parts. Leopardus pardus. 1st variety, " tendua;" " chita;" " asnea;" " birbotia;" the panther or larger leopard. Common in the open country, where low hills and deep ravines occur. 2nd variety, " borbacha;" " bibia-bagh;" " makum;" the smaller leopard. Commonly, found in thick jungles, but often seen prowling about villages. Felis bengalensis; " banberal;" "wagati;" the leopard cat. Found in well-wooded parts among the hills, or in heavy jungle, grass, and brushwood. F. jerdoni; the lesser leopard cat. Common; appears to be only a variety of the last. F. torquata ; the spotted wild cat. Tolerably common. A hybrid variety, frequents the cantonments, and causes much damage in poultry yards. F.chaus; '' jangli-billi;" " katas;" "mota-lahn-manjur;" the common jungle cat. Found everywhere, both in the jungles and open country. Caracal melanotis; "sia-gosh;" "suvi pulung;" the red lynx. Chiefly found in the ravines of the ghats overlooking Kandesh. Gueparda guttata, "chita;" "yaz;" "tendua-bagh;" " laggar;" the hunting leopard. Frequently met with on the plains, where the common antelope abounds. Has been seen towards Kandesh, and Dr. Jerdon mentions its occurrence near Jalna.

Order RODENTIA. LEPOBIDAE. Lepus ruficaudatus; '' khargosh;" the larger Indian hare of northern India. Found towards Kandesh. L. nigricollis; ''khargosh;'' "sassa;" the black-naped hare or southern variety. Common. HYSTRICIDAE. Hystrix leucura; " adhu;" "saial;" "salendra;" the Indian porcupine. Common; often lives in societies, on the sides of hills and banks of rivers. MURIDAE. Gerbillus indicus ; " barna-mus;" the Indian jerboa rat. Abundant in most parts of the district. Nesokia indica ; " kok;'' " karthi mus;" the Indian mole rat. Abounds in the rich cotton soil of the plains. The Wadars capture it in great numbers for food, and plunder its burrows, in which large quantities of grain are stored up. N. hardwickii; " undur;" the short-tailed mole rat Infests gardens. Mus bandicota; " ghus;" the bandicoot rat. Very common in cantonments and large villages. M. decumanus; "ghar-ka-chuha;" " dimsa-indur;" the brown rat. A familiar plague; common everywhere. M. brunneus; " advilka;" " musk;" the tree rat. Common in bushes and hedges. M. rufescens; the rufescent tree rat. Pretty common. M, oleraceus; the long-tailed tree rat. Found generally on palm trees, thatch of houses, &c. M. urbanus; "chua;'' the common Indian mouse. Found throughout the district. M. darjeelingensia. Dr. Jerdon mentions that this white-bellied mouse is common in houses at Jalna. Leggada lepida ; the small spiny mouse. Found in gardens and woods. Golunda elliotti; " gulandi;" the bush rat. Lives entirely in the jungles. Dr. Jerdon saw it in the Dakhan. G. mettada; " mattad;" the soft-furred field rat. Committed great depredations in the grain fields after the recent famine. According to Mr. Elliot, these rats live entirely in the cultivated fields, and during the rains, great numbers perish; but when the monsoons fail they breed so fast as to become a perfect plague, eating up the seeds as soon as sown, and continuing their ravages when the grain approaches to maturity. In 1862, and again in 1877-78, the rayats employed the Wadars, who killed thousands without perceptibly diminishing their numbers. It is probably this rat which is said to migrate, destroying the crops in its progress. SCIURIDAE. Sciurus elphinstonei; the Bombay red squirrel Found in the jungles of the ghats. S. palmarum; '' gilheri;'' " kharri." " uditha;" the striped squirrel. Found about cantonments and larger villages. S. tristriatus; " ram-karri;'' the jungle striped squirrel. Very much like the last, and more common, Pteromys petnurista : " pakia;" the brown flying squirrel. Found in the thickest jungle, but seldom seen, as it is nocturnal in its habits.

Order CHEIROPTERA. VESPERTILIONIDAE. Vesperugo abramus. The minute Coromandel bat. Found in the roofs of dwelling-houses, under tiles, &c Nycticejus heathii. The large yellow bat. Occasionally found in houscs and on trees. N. luteus. The Bengal yellow bat. Common. N. temminckii. This yellow bat is the commonest of the genus. N. canus; the hoary bat. Very common. Kerivoula picta; the painted bat. Sometimes found in the folded leaves of the plantain. Taphozous longimanus; " gadal;" " chamgadar;" the long armed bat. Very common about Aurangabad, Jalna, &c, frequenting dark out-houses, stables, &c. T. saccolaumus; the white-bellied bat. Occasionally met with. Nyctinomus plicatus: the wrinkle-lipped bat. Tolerably common in ruins, dark buildings, and in the hollows of trees. VAMPRIDAE. Rhinopoma hardwickii; the long-tailed leaf bat. Sometimes seen in old ruins, clefts of rocks, caves, &c. Phyllorhina fulva; the little horse-shoe bat. Occasionally seen. P, speoris; the Indian horse shoe bat. Very common in old buildings, wells, &c. Rhino-lophus affinis; " gadal;" the allied horse-shoe bat. Not common. Megaderma-lyra; " parkoli;" " chamgadal;" the large-eared vampire. Very abundant in the caves of Elura and A'janta; also met within old buildings, temples, &c. PTEROPIDAE. Pleropus medius; " bar-bagal;" the large fox-bat or "flying-fox." Very common about villages and towns. Cynopterus marginatus; " cham-gadili;" " shupar;" the small fox bat. Somewhat rare, roosting in the day time in the folded leaves of the plantain, palmyra, &c.

Order INSECTIVORA. SORECIDAE. Sorex caesruleecens; "chakundar"; " sun-dalka;" the common musk shrew. Frequents houses at night, hunting up for cockroaches and other insects. S. murinus; the mouse-coloured shrew. Some-times found about the ghats. S. perroteti; the Nilghiri pigmy shrew. Dr. Jerdon saw a specimen at Jalna. EBINACSIDAE. Erinaceus collaris; "sial;" "adhu;" "jadinu-dukur;" the north Indian hedgahog. Sometimes seen in the district.

Order QUADRUMANA. LEMURIDAE. Loria gracilis; "shar-mindi-billi;" the slender lemur or sloth. Found in the heavy jungles. SIMIADAE. Semnopithecus enlellus; "want," ();" "ramdud;" "pawun;" the Bengal langur or " Hanuman" of northern India. Probably occurs on the Balaghat. The variety at Bokardan has less black on the hands and feet, and is of a more ashy hue than the Bengal monkey. It appears to be S. anchises (Elliot). S. albipes; the Madras langur. Occurs on the plains. Macacus rhesus: "bandar;" "markat;" the short-tailed Bengal monkey. Found on the ghats. M. radia'us; '' bandar:" "wanur;" '' kerda;" the Madras monkey. Much more commonly met with.